Germany

1. Germany By: AngadAhluwalia, Isabella Lin, Kendra Hone, Megan Markey, Isabel Wolff

2. Introduction About Germany • In the 900s, Germany was the most important country in Western Europe. German Kings lost much of their authority to power nobles who wanted to rule their own territories. • Many important people contributed to the life of Germany during the time period including Otto I, ,Fredrick I, Fredrick II, and the Hasburgs Family who were apart of life.

3. Government and Politics Otto I • He wanted to unite and rule without nobles. • He turned to the Roman Catholic Church for help. • He made loyal followers bishops and abbots; in return they supplied him with money and soldiers. Frederick I • He forced the powerful lords to promise him loyalty and work for his government; didn’t work out. • Nobles grew rich from their government posts. • At the same time, Italian city-states, helped by the Pope, banded together and defeated Frederick’s army. Frederick II • Best educated monarchy of his time. • Founded a university in Palermo so young men could study at home rather than in other countries. • When he began conquering land in Italy, the Pope was afraid he would take over the Church lands around Rome, so the Pope excommunicated Frederick in 1227. • Pope also called a crusade against Frederick. • Effect: German princes broke away from Frederick’s rule and made Germany a loose grouping of states.

4. Religion • Roman Catholic- Otto I set up a Christian Roman Empire in Western Europe. Otto made loyal followers bishops and abbots , and supplied him with money and soldiers. In return for Otto’s efforts to free the Pope from the nobles, the Pope crowned Otto emperor of the Holy Roman Empire, and for the next 90 years controlled the office of the Pope.

5. Economy and Trade • Before 1800, Germany was heavily rural, with some urban trade centers population, majority were farmers, with serfs controlled by nobles and monasteries. • Several cities like Cologne had a central location on the Rhine River, which was placed at the intersection of major trade and river ports. • Basis of Cologne was between the east and west, and was characterized by city’s status as major harbor and transportation harbor.

6. Technology and Warfare • The main technology for Germans was the growth of universities • The Hapsburgs encouraged the growth of universities and they soon spread throughout majority of Europe • The growth of technology and the growth of universities led to prosperity in Germany in the 900’s • Otto I led an army to Rome in 962 to free the pope from control of Roman nobles • When Frederick II started to conquer many lands in Italy and the pope began to worry that the Germans would conquer many of the church’s holy land Left: Frederick II Right: Otto I, King of Germany

7. Significant People • Frederick II • Became emperor in 1220 • He founded a university, Palermo, so young men could study at home • In 1227 the pope excommunicated him in fear that Frederick would conquer church lands • Because of this Germany broke away from his rule and became loose grouping states lead by princes. • Maximillian • Became emperor in 1493 • He married Mary of Burgundy and gained control of Flanders and what is now Belgium, Netherlands, and Luxembourg • He married his children into other royal families and gained control of more countries • But he still didn’t have control of Germany because the princes still had authority. • Otto I • Became king of Germany in 936 • Wanted to unite country without nobles; removed lords who would not obey him. • Set up a Christian Roman Empire. • In 951, he marched south into Italy, where he took over the northern Italian trading cities. • In 962, he led an army to free the Pope from control of Roman nobles. • Frederick I • In 1152, he became emperor. • Forced the powerful lords to promise him loyalty and to work for his government. • Nobles grew rich; not good. • Italian city-states, aided by the Pope, defeated Frederick’s armies. • while leading third crusade, he drowned in a river in Asia Minor. • Legend says a spell put him to sleep somewhere high in the mountains, and one day he would wake up and restore the glory of Germany.

8. Sensory for Frederick II Think: I think people will be angry because I wanted to expand the German empire into the Holy Roman Empire Hear: I hear many people talking about the universities I started and the advancements I have made in science and medicine Feel: I feel angry because I was excommunicated from the church, and ashamed in my actions Doing: I was excommunicated from the church because I wanted to expand further and conquer more land in the Holy Roman Empire Say: I say that the pope made a mistake by making Germany to be ruled by German Princes because it took the place to the dogs

9. Current Event About Germany Article In this article, France’s prime minister, Hollande is blaming Germany’s chancellor, or leader; Markel, for causing the stock market to crash in all of Europe. Hollande believes Markel for the crash for “acting selfishly and intransigently in her own political and German national interest” and not for all of the people of Germany. Towards the middle of the article Hollande begins to attack Markel for the crash in specifically in Spain. At this point, unemployment rate in Spain was at 25% which previously was at 27%, favoring the point that may Hollande was not ruining the stock market across Europe. At the end of this article it states that Spain’s Prime Minister Rajoy, was avoiding the press and public, leaving up to debate whether Hollade was actually ruining the stock market or did she actually improve the market in a way. This article about the feud between the prime minister of France and the chancellor of Germany is a very similar to what happened in Germany’s previous history. The prime minister of France is claiming things about the German chancellor much like the pope, during Frederick’s rule as king, he assumed that Frederick was going to conquer the pope's land and the pope excommunicated him because of it. Also, it states that the Franco-German relationship has been the center of the for as long as it has existed. This is like when Maximillian married Mary, and married his kids into other royal families forming alliances and gaining land. In addition the article can relate to Germany’s history because it states that the problem with Spain’s unemployment has been discussed at a European conference. It is like when the princes of Germany met to discuss who would be the emperor of Europe and named Rudolf the emperor. There are several factors that can make it seem that history has indeed repeated itself. This article involves the peace and security among the people of Europe and the stability of the stock market. Since Markel is accusing of destroying the stock market and being very selfish it puts her whole reputation at risk for being a bad leader, leading into a land filled with political corruption. The stock market can give people much security and since it crashed people lost everything leaving someone to blame for the mess and that could possibly be a reason why Hollande thought she ruined Europe in a way. In total, I believe France should not find a person or reason to blame for their market to crash and instead try to fix it and bring security and safety among many families across Europe especially in Spain. They should all try to work together and fix Spain’s unemployment and not blame others for something they did not do. In total, history does seem to repeat itself for Germany and the Chancellor.

10. Legacies • Fredrick II- Universities • Maximillian- Worked to extend the Empire’s power all throughout Europe, gained control of many areas such as Flanders and other areas known as the Low Countries, was able to bring more countries under Hapsburg control. • Hapsburgs- believed in scholarships, and encouraged the growth of Universities through out the Roman Empire. Maximillian • Became emperor in 1493 • He married Mary of Burgundy and gained control of Flanders and what is now Belgium, Netherlands, and Luxembourg • He married his children into other royal families and gained control of more countries • But he still didn’t have control of Germany because the princes still had authority.