America Grows Up

1. America Grows Up Classroom Notes

2. George Washington • Precedent • A standard or model for others to follow • Washington is doing things for the first time • It will set the standard for all others

3. Creation of aCabinet • Vice President—John Adams (Fed) • Secretary of State—Thomas Jefferson (D/R) • Secretary of the Treasury—Alexander Hamilton (Fed) • Secretary of War—Henry Knox • Attorney General—Edmund Randolph

4. Taking Care of the National Debt • Hamilton in charge of $77 million debt!! • Combine all state debts into one • Increase tariffs • Increase taxes • Create a national bank • Loose interpretation of the Constitution

5. Creation of Political Parties • Views--Washington did not like them, he wanted all to work together • Federalists—see packet page • Democratic/Republicans—see packet page

6. Power of the Constitution • Strict—If it doesn’t say you can, then you can’t (D/R) • Limits power of government • Loose—If it doesn’t say you can’t, then you can (Fed) • Increases power of government

7. French Revolution • Who do we side with? • France—they helped us in the war, we should help them • Britain—most powerful country, trade, be friendly

8. Foreign Policy • Neutrality—Washington wants to stay out of the affairs of other countries and does this • Jay’s Treaty—peace treaty with Britain • Pinckney’s Treaty—peace treaty with Spain

9. Whiskey Rebellion • Uprising of farmers in Western Pennsylvania • Washington sent in troops to crush the rebellion • Proved that the US government would enforce its laws

10. Term Limit • Washington said that no president should serve more than two terms • Precedent upheld until Franklin Roosevelt during World War II

11. Electoral College • Washington was elected without a popular vote!! • Buffer between the people and the president

12. John Adams • 2nd President • Massachusetts • 1797-1801 • Federalist

13. French Revolution • Adams is a Federalist, therefore he is leaning towards the British • Don’t Forget • Jay’s Treaty—Britain • Pinkney’s Treaty—Spain • What about the French?

14. XYZ Affair • US attempts peace with France to ensure trade and to protect American ships • Stop violations at sea • France asks for $10 million in bribes for peace

15. XYZ Affair • Results: • Adams refuses • Adams is praised for not taking bribe • Hamilton wanted war with France • Peace with France won’t come until Napoleon is leader of France

16. Alien and Sedition Act • Law passed by Adams to increase the time for immigrants to become citizens (5 to 14 years), to deport disloyal immigrants, and to arrest those who speak badly about America • Alien—an immigrant to a country that they are not a citizen • Sedition—Rebellion against a government

17. Federalists/Democratic-Republicans • Look at your lists in the packets, again.

18. Response to Adams • Jefferson and the Democratic Republicans think the A/S acts are unconstitutional • Hamilton begins to split the party after the XYZ Affair • States’ Rights—some states claim that they don’t have to follow a law that they think treats them unfairly

19. Thomas Jefferson • 3rd President • Virginia • 1801-1809 • Democratic/ Republican

20. Election of 1800—12th Amendment • Winner of Electoral College is president, 2nd place is Vice President • Tie between Jefferson and Aaron Burr • Hamilton encourages House to vote for Jefferson • 12th Amendment—President and vice President are placed on the same ballot (like today)

21. Reversal of Federalists Policies • New President, New Policies • A. Loose to strict interpretation of Constitution • B. Let Alien and Sedition Acts Expire • C. Ended Whiskey tax • D. Cut taxes and government spending • E. Reduced military spending (neutrality) • F. Wanted to eliminate national banks

22. Acquisition of Land—Louisiana Purchase • French leader Napoleon sells Louisiana to Jefferson for $15 million • Doubles the size of the United States • Was Jefferson a hypocrite? • Was it good for America? • Ended the loose/strict debate

23. Lewis and Clark Expedition • 1802—Jefferson appoints the “Corps of Discovery” led by Lewis and Clark to explore the new Louisiana Territory • Goal was to document the plants and animals, draw detailed maps, become friendly with the natives, find a Northwest passage • Guided by Sacagawea • Reach the Pacific Ocean in 1805, return home in 1806

24. Trade Restrictions • Embargo Act of 1807—US cuts off all trade with all countries • Hurt the US more than others • Non—Intercourse Act of 1809—US cuts off trade with England and France only • Hurts us again • Makes England and France really mad

25. Marbury v. Madison • Supreme Court case that establishes Judicial Review • Judicial Review—power of the Supreme Court to declare a law unconstitutional

26. James Madison • 4th President • Virginia • 1809-1817 • Democratic/ Republican

27. Domestic Unrest • Embargo Act and Non-Intercourse act failed • Native Americans attacking on the western frontier, encouraged by Britain • France and Britain stealing cargo and kidnapping sailors—impressment • Hawks—those who want war with Britain • Doves—those who do not want to go to war

28. War of 1812 • June 18, 1812—US declares war on Britain for: • Impressment of sailors • Naval violations • Indian attacks Not everyone wanted this war War ends with the Treaty of Ghent in 1814, US wins

29. Treaty of Ghent • Treaty that ends the War of 1812 • No land lost or gained for either side • Many upset at the war • Nationalism—Extreme pride in a country • Sectionalism—Extreme pride in an area of the country • Secession—to break away from the country

30. James Monroe • 5th President • Virginia • 1817-1825 • Democratic/ Republican

31. Monroe Doctrine • Monroe’s attempt to secure American Neutrality • Monroe tells European powers to stop colonizing in North/South America • Still in existence today

32. 5 Major Issues of the Madison/Monroe Era

33. Key Terms for Today: • Nationalism—extreme pride and loyalty towards your country • Sectionalism—extreme pride and loyalty towards a state, area, or section • Secession—to break away from the Union

34. 1. The Native Americans: • Movement westward is causing tensions between the Natives and the pioneers • There are about 900,000 Natives that are in lands that the pioneers want to occupy • Many treaties were created, but most will be ignored • New states and territories are created but because the Natives did not agree, many battles ensued • For the most part, there were never really any good treaties that were made, the issue was mostly unresolved • Perspectives: • Federalists—push out the natives, gain the land • Dem/Reps—land is important, but not as important as the rights of the Natives

35. 2. Sectionalism: • South • Lead by Senator John C. Calhoun (South Carolina) • Supported the War of 1812 • Defended Slavery • Wanted limited government intervention in peoples’ lives • North • Lead by Senator Daniel Webster (New Hampshire) • Opposed the War of 1812 • Slavery as evil • Powerful Government • West • Lead by Senator Henry Clay (Kentucky) • War Hawk—wanted War of 1812 • Strong government • Spending on Westward Expansion • Canals, bridges, roads, factories, industries

36. The America System —Henry Clay’s answer for the struggling American Economy • National Bank—Re-issued in 1816 to loan money for projects • Foreign Competition—Place embargoes on foreign products, threaten war for those that oppose American policies • Protective Tariffs—tax on imported goods • Protect American businesses • Force people to buy American goods • Factories and industries soared! • South does not like it

37. 4. The Monroe Doctrine—Monroe’s Attempt to secure American neutrality • Monroe tells European powers to stop colonizing in North/South America • Still in existence today • Document shows the power of the relatively new country during Monroe’s term • Also opens the door for America to focus on domestic issues • Leads to the eventual start of the Industrial Revolution

38. 5. The Missouri Compromise (1820) • Proposed by Henry Clay (the Great Compromiser) • As new states are added to the Union, will they be free or slave states? • The Compromise • Missouri will enter the Union as a slave state • Maine will enter the Union as a free state • A latitude line will be drawn (36-30) • North of that line—no slavery • South of that line—slavery is allowed • Guess what? The south doesn’t like it, they thought it was unconstitutional

39. John Quincy Adams • Son of John Adams (2nd President) • 6th President • Massachusetts • 1825-1829 • National Republican

40. Monroe Doctrine • Kept Europe and the United States out of each others’ business • Allowed for the United States to explore and claim western territories without European interference • Problem—We really can’t explore this area because of a lack of knowledge—Solution??

41. American System • Henry Clay comes up with a plan to take care of this problem • Building of roads, bridges, canals—INFRASTRUCTURE • Paid for by tariffs which the South does not like • Labor comes from all over the world, America is ready for industrialization

42. Industry and Inventions • Interchangeable Parts • Faster, quicker, CHEAPER, more efficient means of production • Eli Whitney

43. Cotton Gin • Faster, quicker, cheaper, more efficient means of production • Eli Whitney • Greatly increased demand for slavery, spread slavery

44. Steam Engine • Great innovations in boat and rail transportation • Faster, quicker, cheaper, more efficient • Robert Fulton and the Clermont

45. Creation of Factories and Factory Systems • Increased demand for goods • Expansion of the country • Mass of immigrants to the United States (Irish potato famine) • Industrial Revolution • Factory towns, Lowell’s Girls

46. Erie Canal • Connected Lake Erie to the Hudson River (Atlantic Ocean) • Cut freight cost dramatically, decreased shipping time • Connected the Mid West to the rest of the world

47. Andrew Jackson • 7th President • 1829-1837 • Democrat (Old Democratic/ Republican) • Tennessee

48. Spoils System • Spoils System: giving government jobs to friends and supporters • a. opposite of the “merit system” where jobs would go to those who were most qualified • b. his policies broke the upper class stronghold on government jobs and positions • c. Many loved this policy, many resented it

49. Electoral College Electoral College • a. Jackson vowed to eliminate the Electoral College after his loss to John Q. Adams in 1824 • b. In this election, Jackson won more electoral and popular votes but not a majority, the House of Representatives voted for John Q. Adams • c. Jackson, as president, has no authority to do this, but wanted to eliminate in anyway

50. Indian Removal Act • a. Jackson signs into law the forced removal of Natives into lands west of the Mississippi River • b. Natives were lied to, robbed, and imprisoned if they did not cooperate • c. Although the Supreme Court said that the natives (also citizens) could not be forcibly removed, Jackson went against the decision and kicked them out of their lands anyway • d. Jackson’s policy was cheered by most Americans, but he overstepped his executive privilege • e. The journey that many tribes took to the new reservations was called the “Trail of Tears”