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America Grows Unit 4

America Grows Unit 4. Mr. Ochoa American History. First Factories (330 – 334). Started in Britain – textiles 1700s, inventors developed new machines Spinning Jenny – spin several threads at once Speeded up process of weaving thread to cloth Factory system

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America Grows Unit 4

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  1. America GrowsUnit 4 Mr. Ochoa American History

  2. First Factories (330 – 334) Started in Britain – textiles • 1700s, inventors developed new machines • Spinning Jenny – spin several threads at once • Speeded up process of weaving thread to cloth • Factory system • Before Revolution – spinning & weaving done at home • Spinning mill needed capital (money) & supplies • Capitalist, a person who invests in a business in order to make a profit • Built factories

  3. First Factories • Factory system brought workers & machinery together in one place to produce goods • Workers earned daily or weekly wages • Industrial revolution – gradual process by which machines replaced hand tools and steam and other new sources of power replaced human & animal power Water, steam, & oil power • Water – Thomas Savery created first engine • “Miner’s Friend” • Pumped water from mines

  4. First Factories • Steam – coal used to develop the steam engine • 1712, Thomas Newcomen’s developed steam engine • 1764, James Watt made improvements to the engine • Oil – Whale oil was used a lubricant for various engineering purposes • It does not evaporate

  5. Eli Whitney – Interchangeable Parts and Mass Production (418-419) • Whitney went to D.C. to sell idea • Interchangeable parts – identical, machine-made parts for a tool or instrument • Officials laughed at plan • Eli sorted parts for 10 muskets into separate piles • Asked official to pick 1 part from the piles • In minutes, 1st musket assembled • Eli repeated process – 10 muskets complete • Mass production • Inventors designed machines to produce I.P. • Clocks, locks, many other goods • Workshops grew into factories

  6. First Unions (330-334) Sara Bagley & Lowell Girls • The Lowell Mills • Francis Lowell improved British textile mills • Spinning & weaving done in separate factories • Lowell combined both under 1 roof • New mill built in Waltham, Massachusetts • Raw cotton into finished cloth • Lowell died – his partners built factory town • Lowell, Mass. Village of 5 family farms (1821) • 1836 – 10,000 people

  7. First Unions • Lowell girls • Young women who worked in new mills • Many worked in mills for years • Later returned home to marry • Wage sent home to families • Parents reluctant to let daughters work in mills • Company bought boarding houses • Rules implemented to protect women • Sarah Bagley • Conditions in mills were unpleasant • Sarah advocated for women’s rights • Shorter work days & 10 hours max

  8. First Unions 10 hour work days • 1845 – gathered names on a petition sent to Mass. Legislature • Wanted 10 hour work days • Long hours & unhealthy work conditions Strikes • Strike – a work stoppage caused by the mass refusal of employees to work • 1824 – Pawtucket, Rhode Island – textile strike • 1835 – Philadelphia General Strike – shorter working hours • 1836 –Lowell, Mass. Mill Women’s Strike

  9. Transportation Revolution (337-341) Fulton’s steam boat • River ideal for transportation/upstream difficult • 1807, Fulton launched steamboat (Clermont) • 1st trip NYC to Albany • 300 miles (62 hours) • Revolutionized travel to the West • Cheap transportation Cooper’s steam locomotive • 1830 – Baltimore to Ohio railway tested 1st steam engine • Peter Cooper’s Tom Thumb • Huge success the steam engine and the B&O railway dominated long distance transportation

  10. Transportation Revolution Railroads – transcontinental, refrigerated boxcars • First railways made in 1800s (horses & mules) • Engineers built stronger bridges & roadbeds • Wooden rails replaced with iron (faster/safer) • 1850s, railroads crisscrossed the nation • Refrigerated boxcars • Designed to carry perishable freight at specific temperatures • Costly to ship large amounts of livestock • 1851 – Northern Railway (NY) first attempt to ship cold items • Not successful only good in cold temps • 1875, Samuel Rumph, peach grower, invented 1st successful refrigerated rail car

  11. Communication Revolution Impact of electricity • Michael Faraday • Researched the magnetic field around a conductor carrying a direct current • Established electromagnetic field • Electricity became practical for use in technology Telegraph and Morse Code (409) • Sam Morse created telegraph in 1844 • Electrical signals along a wire • Based on a code of dots, dashes, & spaces (Morse Code)

  12. Communication Revolution • Instant success • Telegraph companies sprang up • Thousands of miles of wire stretched across the country Bell’s telephone • Alexander Graham Bell • With the help of Thomas Watson, he was able to create ways to comminute with others over a long distance • Led to the telephone • 1877, more than 150,000 phones in the U.S.

  13. Farming Revolution Eli Whitney & the Cotton Gin • In 10 days created a model • Two rollers with thin wire teeth • Cotton swept between rollers • Teeth separated the seeds from fibers • Single work • Could do work of 50 people • Can grow fast = profit John Deere’s plow & McCormick’s reaper • John created a lightweight steel plow

  14. Farming Revolution • Earlier plows made of heavy iron or wood • Pulled by slow moving oxen • Horse could pull a steel plow through a field quickly • Cyrus McCormick opened a factory • Produced mechanical reapers • Horse drawn machine mowed wheat & other grains • Could do work of five people Scientific farming & ranching • Improve water supplies by better irrigation & drainage system • Use of machines such as combine harvesters & tractors • Improve species – biotechnology is widely used • Use of chemicals such as fertilizers & pesticides • Ranching – practice of raising grazing live stock such as cattle or sheep for meat or wool

  15. Manifest Destiny Manifest Destiny • Americans saw their govt. to be the best – it was their duty to spread their culture • Manifest (clear or obvious) Destiny (something is sure to happen) Jefferson’s vision • a new America that commanded the trade routes from Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean • Thus forcing the England, France and Spain out of North America

  16. Manifest Destiny • Religious • Belief that America is a nation called to a special destiny by God • It was their duty to spread Christianity • Political • Whigs nominate Henry Clay • Democratic candidate James Polk • Polk wanted to add Texas & Oregon • Labeled expansionist • Clay opposed annexation of Texas • Americans supported expansion • Polk became president

  17. Manifest Destiny • Economic • Pioneers moved west to have own farm • Move from crowded work place • Gold • Social • Join other family members • Avoid persecution back east • New start

  18. Growing Problems – War with Mexico Americans in Mexican Texas • Texas was part of Spanish colony (Mexico) • 1821, Spain gave Moses Austin a land grant • Austin died before he used it • Son, Stephen, took over • Before Stephen took over Mexico won independence • Austin brought settlers to Texas • Developed land & controlled Native attacks • 300 families moved to Texas

  19. Growing Problems – War with Mexico The Alamo & Texas becomes its own country • Austin & original settlers became Mexican citizens • Later, American settlers no loyalty to Mexico • Mexico did not let them settle in Texas • Feared Texas would become a state • Mexico began enforcing laws • Texans worshiped Catholic Church • Banned slavery in TX • Americans resented these laws • Mexico sent troops to enforce laws

  20. Growing Problems – War with Mexico • 1835, Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna threw out Mexican Constitution • Becomes dictator • Texans take action • Tejanos – people of Mexican descent born in Texas • Want to get rid of Santa Anna • 1835, Texas town of Gonzales • Residents clashed with Mexican troops • Troops forced to withdraw

  21. Growing Problems – War with Mexico • San Antonio • Texans occupied the city • Santa Anna sent large army • Texans declared independence while army was on the way\ • Sam Houston commander of the army • Volunteers from U.S., African Americans, & Tejanos fought • Siege at the Alamo • Texans poorly equipped • Ammo, food, water, medicine = low • 150 Texans v. 6,000 Mexican troops • Feb. 23, 1836 siege begins • Siege – enemy forces try to capture a city of fort often surrounding and bombarding it

  22. Growing Problems – War with Mexico • William Travis • Knew Texans were doomed • Sent messenger through Mexican lines with note • Sent scouts to find volunteers & supplies • 40 men slipped through to fight • March 6th, cannons broke through walls • Thousands of soldiers attacked • 180 Texans & 1,500 Mexicans died The Lone Star Republic • Nickname after Texans won independence • Sam Houston becomes president

  23. Growing Problems – War with Mexico • Faced several problems • Mexico refused to accept treaty Santa Anna signed • Texas nearly bankrupt • Indians threatened to attack • Most believed to solve problems was to join U.S. • U.S. divided • Should the U.S. annex (add) Texas? • Northerners did not like – Southerners did • Slavery • Congress refused to annex Texas

  24. Growing Problems – War with Mexico War with Mexico over Texas • Tensions between the U.S. & Mexico are high • U.S. believed Mexico got in way of Manifest Destiny • Mexico believed rebellions could spring • In California & New Mexico • War begins • U.S. & Mexico claim land • Between Rio Grande & Nueces River • Polk ordered Zach Taylor to set up posts • April 1846, Mexican troops crossed the Rio Grande • Clash with Americans • Congress declared war

  25. Growing Problems – War with Mexico • Fighting in Mexico • Invaded N. Mexico • Feb. 1847, Battle of Buena Vista • Americans outnumbered 2 to 1 • Forced Santa Anna to retreat • General Winfield Scott to Port of Veracruz • Americans took city • Revolt in California • General Stephen Kearny captured Santa Fe • Did not fire a shot • Took San Diego • Control S. Cali in 1847 in N. California

  26. Growing Problems – War with Mexico • Americans declared California an independent nation • Bear Flag Republic • John Fremont drove Mexican troops out of N. California • The final battle • 1847 U.S. controlled all N. Mexico & California • Peace Brings North lands • Mexico city in Americans’ control • 1848 Mexican govt. signed treaty of Guadalupe-Hildago

  27. Growing Problems – War in Mexico • Mexico had to cede, give up, all California & New Mexico to U.S. • Called Mexican Cession • U.S. paid Mexico $15 million • 1853, U.S. paid Mexico $10 million for Arizona & New Mexico (Gadsden Purchase) Thoreau & Civil Disobedience • Americans divided over war • Some wanted new lands • Others saw it as away to keep slavery • Henry David Thoreau thought was unjust • Refused to pay taxes • Arrested & imprisoned

  28. Growing – Gold in California Sutter’s Mill and Gold Fever • 1848, John Sutter built saw mill on the American River • N. of Sacramento • John Marshall supervised the job • Jan 24 – found gold • Sutter wanted to keep it a secret • Failed – news spread and people left for the mill • “Gold Fever” • More than 80,000 people came in 1849 • Forty-niners

  29. Growing – Gold in California • Working to gold fields • Panning for gold • Held pan under water, gently swirling it • Water washed away gravel • Left heavier gold in the pan • Very few struck it rich • Many went broke • A new state • San Francisco became a thriving city • greed led to crime • Murders, robberies • Led to vigilantes • Self appointed law enforcers – no legal right • Sometimes lynching occurred – hanged without legal trial

  30. Growing – Gold in California Immigration Wave • Mexican Americans and Native Americans • 1850s & 1860s many M. Americans lost lands • Native Americans driven off land • Many died of starvation, disease, or murder • 1850, 100,000 Indians lived in California • 1870s, 17,000 lived in California • Chinese Americans • Thousands of Chinese sailed to California • At first welcomed – needed workers • Changed when Chinese workers staked claim in gold fields • Faced Chinese prejudice • Still stayed – drained swamplands, dug irrigation systems, helped build railroads linked California to other parts of the country

  31. Growing – Gold in California California dilemma – free or slaves • African Americans joined the gold rush • Some became well off • 1850, California had richest A.A. population of any state • Still faced discrimination • California law – denied to testify against whites in court

  32. Growing Pains – Plains Indian Wars Broken treaties and massacres • Treaties • Over 500 treaties were made with N.A. • Most for land cessations • Most broken, changed, or nullified when it served govt. interests • Massacres • Over 50 different incidents in which Americans and Native Americans were massacred

  33. Growing Pains – Plains Indian Wars Plains Indian culture (The Horse Culture) • Horses shaped culture • Helped gain their subsistence with limitless buffalo herds • Travel became faster • Transport goods • Herman Cortes brought 1st horse to New World Sioux wars – Sitting Bull, Crazy Horse & Custer • Sioux Wars – series of wars between the U.S. & Sioux that occurred in the later half of the 19th century

  34. Growing Pains – Plains Indian Wars • 1st conflict – 1854 – Sioux killed several American troops in Wyoming (Grattan Massacre) • Last was Ghost Dance War • U.S. govt. v Native Americans • Wounded Knee • 7th Cavalry massacred 153 Lakota Sioux • 25 dead U.S. troops • Sitting Bull • Hunkpapa Lakota – led resistance against U.S. for several years • Led people to victory at Battle of Little Big Horn • Custer’s Last Stand

  35. Growing Pains – Plains Indian Wars • Killed by Indian agency police in 1890 • Crazy Horse • Native American leader of Oglala Lakota • Helped win at Battle of Little Big Horn • Killed by military guard’s bayonet • George Custer • U.S. army officer, cavalry commander in Civil War & Indian Wars • Died at Battle of Little Big Horn

  36. Growing Pains – Wild, Wild West Lawmen & Outlaw Legends • Butch Cassidy • Robert Leroy Parker (born in Utah 1866) • American train robber, bank robber, & lead the Wild Bunch Gang • Probably killed in a shootout in 1908 • Billy the Kid • William McCarty (born in N. Mexico 1859) • According to legend he killed 21 men (4-9) • Cowboy outlaw, murder, & gambler

  37. Growing Pains – Wild, Wild West • Jesse James – born in Mississippi 1847 • Gambler, bank & train robber, murdered • Killed by Robert Ford (wanted reward) • Pat Garrett – trailed Billy for 6 months • Killed Billy the Kid in N. Mexico • Wyatt Earp – sheriff in Kansas • Moved to Tombstone, Arizona • Cleaned up the town

  38. Growing Pains – Wild, Wild West The Cattle Kingdom & Range Wars • Cattle industry grew after civil war • Moved to Kansas, Nebraska, Colorado, Wyoming, Montana & Dakotas • Moved with expansion of railroads • Cattle – 1st big business • Attracted foreign investment • Needed considerable organization • Chisholm Trail – San Antonio to Abilene, Kansas • Western Trail ended in Dodge City • Both trails approx. 800 miles (2 months)

  39. Growing Pains – Wild, Wild West • Money – steer purchased for less than $10 • Could sell for more than $30 • Cattle grazed – few ranchers needed • Few cowboys made it a career • Paid wage • Some wanted to save & start own ranch • Range Wars • Battle between farmers and ranchers • Farmers fenced land with barb wire • Wanted to control water • Ranchers depended on an open range

  40. Growing Pains – Wild, Wild West • Collapse of the Cattle Kingdom • Profit encouraged industry to increase size of herds • Overgrazing & over production • More beef & foreign competition = decrease in prices • Harsh winters and summer droughts Civilizing the West – Railroads, Business and growth of cities • Railroads • Carried supplies & settlers to the West • Railroad building • Govt. granted land & money • 1869, Transcontinental Railroad (Atlantic to Pacific)

  41. Growing Pains – Wild, Wild West • Business • Invested heavily in corporations • Allowed banks to control company policies • J.P. Morgan bought up railroads & steel companies • Formed U.S. Steel – 1st billion dollar company (U.S.) • John D. Rockefeller – built Standard Oil Company • Became a monopoly – single company that controls or dominated an entire industry • Growing cities • Immigration helped fuel growth • People flocked to cities (urbanization) • Jobs – factories, stores, & offices

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