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Democratic Challenges in African Nations

Democratic Challenges in African Nations. Ch 19.2 CST 10.1,2,3. 1960s Cultural Policies in Africa. In drawing up colonial boundaries, the colonial powers ignored ethnic and cultural divisions. CONSEQUENCES: Lack of national identity Continuing ethnic and cultural rivalries Civil wars.

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Democratic Challenges in African Nations

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  1. Democratic Challenges in African Nations Ch 19.2 CST 10.1,2,3

  2. 1960s Cultural Policies in Africa • In drawing up colonial boundaries, the colonial powers ignored ethnic and cultural divisions. • CONSEQUENCES: • Lack of national identity • Continuing ethnic and cultural rivalries • Civil wars

  3. Economic Policies in Africa • The colonial powers developed plantations and mines but few factories in Africa. • CONSEQUENCES: • Unbalanced economies • Small middle classes • Few products for local consumers

  4. Social Policies-Education • The colonial powers did little to educate the majority of Africans • CONSEQUENCES: • A lack of skilled and literate work force for industry and government

  5. Nigeria

  6. 1960 Nigeria becomes independent • Established a federal system (power is shared between states and a central gov’t.) • States were based on 3 ethnic groups.

  7. Three Main Ethnic Groups in Nigeria • Hausa-Fulani: Largest group, live in the northern part, Muslim • Yoruba-Live in the western part, mostly farmers, kings ,Muslim Christian/Animists • Igbo (Ibo) Live in the south, mostly farmers, democratic traditions, Muslim/Christian/Animists

  8. NIGERIA • 1963-1970 Civil War, • 1970-1979 Military Rule with martial law (temporary military rule) • CONSEQUENCES: • Destruction of the Igbo region • In 1967 Biafra is created, when Igbo flee to the east and secede from Nigeria • In 1970, Biafra surrenders and more than a million Igbo starve to death. • Military rule establishes a more stable government

  9. NIGERIA • 1979-1983 Democratic rule • 1983 the military overthrow Nigeria’s civilian government • CONSEQUENCES: • The end of democracy • Hausa-Fulani discriminate against other ethnic groups

  10. 1999 Free Elections held • Olusegun Obasanjo, a Yuroba, was elected the first civilian president • He was re-elected in 2003 • Nigeria still has many problems: war, violence, corruption, poverty, and hunger. • Does have economic growth because of its oil exports.

  11. Olusegun Obasanjo

  12. President of Nigeria :Umaru Yar’Adua, 2007- Died May 5, 2010

  13. Former Vice President, Now President of Nigeria: Namadi “Jonathon” Sambo

  14. South Africa

  15. South Africa • 1910 gained self-rule as a dominion of the British Empire • 1931 became an independent member of the British Commonwealth • Established a constitution that gave whites power and denied the black majority rights.

  16. 1948 The National Party gains power in South Africa CONSEQUENCES: • It promotes the Afrikaner (Dutch, white) nationalism • Establishes apartheid policy(the policy of complete separation of the races) • Segregated schools, hospitals, neighborhoods. • Banned all social contact between whites and blacks.

  17. 1959 • Minority (white) gov’t. sets up reserves, called homelands, for major black groups in So. Africa • Blacks make up 75% of the population, homelands are 13% of the land.

  18. African National Congress (ANC) • Blacks formed this group in 1912 to fight for black African rights in South Africa. • ANC is banned by the government • Nelson Mandela is imprisoned for 27 years as a dissident (an opponent of gov’t policy)

  19. 1976 • Riots break out in the black township of Soweto • CONSEQUENCES: • Government represses protesters • Protests mount, violence mounts • By 1986, int’l protests led to So. African government declaring a state of emergency

  20. Black So. Afr. Bishop Desmond Tutu launches an economic campaign against apartheid. He asks nations around the world to stop trading with So. Africa. 1980’s

  21. Archbishop Desmond Tutu wins the 1984 Nobel Peace Prize

  22. 1989 • South Africans elect F. W. de Klerk president • CONSEQUENCES • He legalizes the ANC • Releases Nelson Mandela from prison • 18 months after his election, apartheid is repealed

  23. 1994 • President de Klerk agrees to hold universal elections, people of all races can vote • CONSEQUENCE: • A VICTORY FOR ANC • Nelson Mandela is elected President, the first black president of South Africa.

  24. 1996 • A new Constitution including a Bill of Rights modeled after the U.S. Bill of Rights • Greater hope for democracy • 1999- Thabo Mbeki elected president • South Africa still facing major problems (read p.611)

  25. De Klerk Mandela

  26. New President of South AfricaJacob Zuma

  27. FIFA World Cup June 11-July 11, 2010

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