Chinese Nationalism

1. Chinese Nationalism

2. Homework • Vocabulary: Mao Zedong, Long March, Jiang Jeshi, Deng Xiaoping, Great Leap Forward, Cultural Revolution, Red Guards, commune, Tiananmen Square.

3. Geography • Isolated for many centuries because of geographic barriers. • Silk Road • Yellow River (Huang He) Yangzi • Middle Kingdom • Dynastic Cycle • Mandate Of Heaven

4. Mongolian Plateau Taklimakan Desert Gobi Desert Plateau of Tibet Pacific Ocean Himalaya Mountains North, South , East, West Natural barriers isolated China from all other civilizations.

5. Click Red Stars to find more information. China: Cultivating the Land China is geographically divided into two parts. Outer China is a sparsely settled region of high mountains, plateaus, steppes, and deserts. Agricultural China is where 95% of the Chinese people live. Under Communist rule, China’s agricultural land and farmers were organized in to collective farms in an attempt to increase agricultural production. Collective Farming Can China Feed Itself?

6. China: Ruling the People Dynasties: Ancient China was governed by a ruling class of warrior nobles headed by a king. Ruling families are referred to as dynasties. The Shang Dynasty (1766 BC) was the first verifiable dynasty and ruled China for 600 years. The Shang dynasty was overthrown by Zhou who established a dynasty and introduced the idea of the Mandate of Heaven. The Han dynasty centralized the Chinese government and established a bureaucracy which included eighteen different ranks of civil service jobs that civilians obtained by taking competitive examinations. 1911-1949 The Republic of China was established under the leadership of Sun Yat-sen 1949- The Republic of China moved to the island of Taiwan 1949 –The People’s Republic of China came to power under the Communist leader Mao Zedong.

7. Dynastic Cycle • violence

8. Other Chinese philosophies include Taoism ( Daoism) and Legalism Buddhism spread to China from India. China: Philosophy and Religion Confucius was addressed as The Master all over China.  His teachings were based on virtue and goodness.  Confucius believed that the past tells us how to live in the present.  His sayings were recorded in a book called The Analects. 

9. Confucius • Attain Peace • Good Government • 5 relationship based on male/age • Respect • Filial piety: respect for elders/respect for parents • Everyone needed to know their responsibility. • Group more important than individual

10. Han Dynasty • Civil Service Exams: knowledge of Confucianism. • Golden Age of China: paper, wheel barrow, rudder, fishing reel, acupuncture, jade and ivory carvings. • Wudi

11. 1800s • Ethnocentric Civilizations • China vs Great Britain • China wanted stay isolated. • Opium War • Technology • Treaty of Nanjing/1st of the Unequal treaties • Hong Kong • Open Ports • Extraterritoriality • reparations

12. Spheres of Influence • Foreign countries maintain Trading rights in certain areas of China • Boxer Rebellion: citizens revolt against the foreigners and the government. • Nationalistic revolt • Fails but sets the stage for the 1911

13. Revolution of 1911 • Sun Yixian/Sun yat Sen • 3 principles of the people • Democracy • Nationalism • Economic freedom • Era of Warloads

14. Jiang Jieshi (Chiang Kai shek) • 1925 became leader of the nationalists • Mao Zedong leader of the Communists Mao Zedong Jiang Jieshi

15. Why did the Communists dislike the Nationalists • Corruption in the government • Poor living conditions • No health care for poor • No education • Hunger disease • Poverty • All powerful government

16. The Long March

17. Robin Hood Promise • If you help us when we win we will give you LAND. • Support of the peasants • Support of the women

18. 1937 Year of Change • Japan invades China • Communists and nationalist join together to fight a common enemy. • Rape of Nanjing • 1937 to 1945 they are temporary allies

19. Civil War • 1945 to 1949 Civil War resumes • Communists win and the Americans had a cow • Jiang Jieshi and his followers flee to Taiwan • (JJ) Sets up the Republic of China on Taiwan • Mao sets up the Peoples Republic of China

20. People’s Republic of China • Not democratic • One Party Dictatorship ruled by Mao • Kills 2 million land owners and redistributes. • Provides national healthcare • Opens schools

21. Brutality • Like all communists Mao was Brutal • He executed 2 million landlords • He demanded loyalty to the state over loyalty to friends and family • Confucianism is pushed to the side as the dominate ideology in China. Replaced by Communism • He crushed all opposition to the communist government • Mao was as brutal as Stalin

22. Korean War • Mao sent troops to help North Korea • Americans were now fighting the Red Army. • MacArthur crossed over into China • Truman fires him afraid of war with Soviet Union

23. Changing role of Women • Only role for women in Confucian society: wife • Ended • Women gain some rights • Equality under the law • Work along side men in factories and farms • Did not have full equality/ government jobs; less pay • education

24. Superpower • Mao wanted China to be a superpower like the US and USSR • This was impossible • They were developed nations and China was not! • Mao wanted to be the leader of the communist world. • After all the world was like China full of peasants.

25. Mao’s Modernization Plan • The Great Leap Forward • Ultra rapid program for industrialization Chinese style

26. The Great Leap Forward • Mao wanted to increase agricultural and industrial production quickly.

27. Agriculture • Collectivization • Creating large farms out of small farms. • Overnight he moved 700 million people forcefully to 26,000 communes. • Red Army to round up the farmers • Families were broken up and family members were sent in different directions.

28. Typical commune • 5000 families • Farmers had to turn over their land, tools, and animals. • Commune controlled all aspects of life • Elderly sent to “Happy Houses” • Babies sent to nurseries so mothers could work in the fields. • Command Economy: unrealistic quotas

29. Famine • Mao wanted the communes to double their food production in one year. • Impossible • Why did so many starve to death? • Each commune chief stated that the commune had reached its goal. • Red Army took the food to the cities • People on the communes ran out of food and starved to death. • 20 to 30 million starve to death

31. Industrial Production • Production quotas: wanted to triple steel production 1.7 tons to 5.35 tons • Backyard furnaces • Impure and weak steel • Deforestation: need wood for furnaces • Result failure: 20 - 30 million die 1958 - 1961 • Disrupted industrial development

32. Mao loses face • Communist party removed Mao’s power over the economy • Deng Xiaoping will be given power over the economy. • Mao is pushed to the side. • Mao plans his comeback

33. Mao plans his comeback • Mao and radicals vs the moderates (Deng Xiaoping) • Cultural Revolution was design to crush all opposition to Mao’s power. • Creates A “Generation Gap” • Convinces the teenagers that they are the future and they are heroes. • The teenagers join the RED GUARD/ supporters of MAO

34. The Cultural Revolution1966 -1976 • 11 million students join the RED GUARD • Took control of all local governments • Attacked anyone who disagreed with Mao • Gangs of young people roamed the streets • Publicly humiliated or harmed EVERYONE IN AUTHORITY.

35. The Cultural Revolution1966 -1976 • Caught the mayor of the town/ parade around the town in a dunce cap • Attacked artists, scholars, intellectuals school teachers and school administrators • Did not attend school • Burned books, libraries, and museums. • Mao took control of the army and killed many government officials

36. Little Red Book • Stopped the Chinese from saying Confucius and start saying “Quotations from Mao.” • Atheist: against religion • Factories were in chaos, factories stopped producing goods. • End result of the Cultural revolution was Death, famine, economic, social and political chaos.

37. Cultural Revolution • New Movement • Mid-1960s, Mao tried to regain power, prestige lost after Great Leap Forward • Initiated new movement called Cultural Revolution, sought to ride China of old ways, create society where peasants, physical labor were the ideal • Red Guards • Campaign meant eliminating intellectuals who Mao feared wanted to end communism, bring back China’s old ways • Mao shut down schools, encouraged militant students, Red Guards, to carry out work of Cultural Revolution by criticizing intellectuals, values • Destruction of Society • Mao lost control; Red guards murdered hundreds of thousands of people; by late 1960s, China on verge of civil war before Mao regained control • Cultural Revolution reestablished Mao’s dominance, caused terrible destruction; civil authority collapsed, economic activity fell off sharply

38. Nixon visits China • 1972: Nixon visits China and meets with Mao. • Normalizes relations with China. • US promises to end the recognition of Taiwan as the legitimate government of China . • USSR and China have become enemies

39. 1976 • Mao dies • The Cultural Revolution Ends • Mao’s supporters are put to death • Gang of Four are arrested and convicted

40. Deng Xiaoping 1904-1997 Deng Xiaoping

41. Deng Xiaoping 1976 - 1997 • Mao dies 1976 • Modernizes China • “Four Modernizations” • Industry, agriculture, science, defense • “Responsibility System • Farmers private plots: some given to gov’t excess could be sold • Factory managers could base production on supply and demand rather than by gov’t decree. • Creates a market economy= capitalism

42. Deng Xiaoping • Some privately owned small business and private property • Special Economic Zones • Investment by foreign businesses • Sparked economic growth and raised standards of living • Large gap between rich and poor; unemployment, inflation, crime

43. Deng Xiaoping • “It doesn’t matter if the cat is black or white as long as it catches mice.” • Increase trade with the west • Foreign investment in the economy was encouraged • Utilized the concepts of capitalism to improve the Chinese economies • Unsuccessful political reforms

44. Tiananmen Square Massacre • Refused political freedom • Allowed increased contact with west; sent students abroad to study • Violations of human rights • Intellectuals in large cities organized movements to demand a more open political system • 100,000 people rallied in Tiananmen Square • Troops sent in and many killed

45. Tiananmen Square Massacre • More Freedoms • Inspired by movement toward economic freedom • Chinese demanded more political freedom • Pro-Democracy Protestors • Spring 1989, democratic reforms in Eastern Europe • One million pro-democracy protestors occupied Beijing’s Tiananmen Square • Leaders Impatient • China’s leaders repeatedly asked protestors to leave square • Protestors remained, met with force • Freedom Had Not Arrived • June 1989, tanks, troops moved into square • Killed protestors in Tiananmen Square Massacre

46. Jiang Zemin • Replaces Deng Xiaoping • New leader of China • Human rights violations/forced labor camps • Continued Deng Xiaoping’s programs • Decreased central planning, increased private ownership.

47. One child policy • One child policy to control population growth. • Male children desired • Female children abandoned • More than one child/ heavy fines/ loss of benefits/ loss of housing benefits • Forced sterilization

48. Return of Hong Kong • 1997 • Freest capitalist system in the world • One country two systems • Important connection to world economy

49. Economic Development Other Challenges • Economic growth has not reached all China’s 1.3 billion people • To prevent further population growth, Chinese government encourages families to have only one child • Large population, rapidly expanding industries • High demands on resources, environment • Imports coal, iron ore, oil, natural gas to meet energy needs China Today China’s economy has grown rapidly as market reforms have continued. Today, China’s economy is the second largest in the world, behind only the United States. As the economy has improved, so has the standard of living for many Chinese. This has caused shortages and higher costs for these resources on the global market, as well as air and water pollution within China.

50. President Hu Jintao President Hu Jintao moves China toward capitalism