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Chapter 9 Muslim Civilization

Chapter 9 Muslim Civilization. Section 1 The Origins of Islam. Muhammad, a merchant whom Muslims believe was the last prophet reported that he received messages from God. The religion he taught—Islam—drew many followers. . The Arabian Peninsula & Mecca. Arabian Peninsula Mostly Desert

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Chapter 9 Muslim Civilization

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  1. Chapter 9 Muslim Civilization

  2. Section 1 The Origins of Islam • Muhammad, a merchant whom Muslims believe was the last prophet reported that he received messages from God. The religion he taught—Islam—drew many followers.

  3. The Arabian Peninsula & Mecca • Arabian Peninsula • Mostly Desert • Intersection of Europe, Asia & Africa • Dependent on trade • Bedouins—nomadic Arab peoples • Mecca—near the Red Sea—was the most important trade city

  4. The Arabian Peninsula & Mecca • Mecca • Kaaba—ancient building that was considered sacred • Drew religious pilgrims • Worshipped many gods and goddesses, but the supreme God was Allah

  5. Muhammad the Messenger • Muhammad ibnAbd Allah • Was a merchant in Mecca • At 25 he married an older widow named Khadijah (ka-DEE-jah) • Some influence from Christianity and Judaism • Would leave his home and go to a cave to pray and reflenct • About 610 received a visit from an angel that commanded him to speak revelations from Allah • Believed God had chosen him to be his prophet • Became a political leader as well

  6. Muhammad the Messenger • The Revelations • Allah was the one and only true all-powerful God • Instructions on how to live a life to please Allah • Would live in paradise after death • Worship of idols; beliefs in many gods was sinful

  7. Muhammad the Messenger • Sharing the Revelations • Local Meccans did not accept his teaching and feared he would disrupt the pilgrimage business • Muhammad was protected by his uncle Abu Talib, but when he died in 619, Muhammad fled Mecca and • found a new home in Yathrib (Medina—”the Prophet’s city”) • Hegira—Muhammad’s journey from Mecca to Medina • Islam—faith started by Muhammad means “ achieveing peace through submission to God” • Muslims—followers of Islam

  8. Basic of Islam • Qur’an—the sacred text of Islam • Followers wrote down Muhammad’s spoken revelations since he could not read or write • Muslims believe that only in its original Arabic language can you know the full meaning and beauty of the text • Muslims do not consider translations in other languages to be true representations of the Qur’an • The Five Pillars of Islam • Profession of Faith—”There is no god but God [Allah], and Muhammad is the messenger of God” • Five Daily Prayers—must always face Mecca to pray • Alms or Charity—must give a certain percentage of their income to the poor or needy • Fasting during Ramadan—fasting is a way to show that God is more important than one’s own body • Hajj—Muslims who are physically and financially able are required at some point during their lives to go to Mecca

  9. Basic of Islam • Mosque—name of the building where Muslims worship • Guidelines for Behavior • Forbidden to ear pork or drink alcoholic beverages • Must wash themselves before praying • Prohibited from murder, lying and stealing • Jihad—”struggle for the faith” struggle to defend the Muslim community, convert people to Islam, “holy war” • The Sunna and Sharia • Other texts written over many years that provide models of behavior for Muslims to follow • Sunna “tradition” includes hundreds of individual lessons or reports on Muhammad’s actions that are used as guidance in areas like personal relationships, business dealings, and religious practice • Sharia a developed legal system that reflects the various rules by which all Muslims should live

  10. Basic of Islam • People of the Book • Qur’an teaches that Allah is same God of Jewish and Christian traditions • Consider Abraham, Moses, and Jesus to also be messengers from God • Muhammad saw himself as the last of God’s prophets • Scared texts of Judaism and Christianity also came from Allah • Qur’an carries the most importance since it was the final message • Muslims should respect Jews and Christians as fellow “people of the book”

  11. Section 2 The Spread of Islam • After Muhammad’s death, Islam spread beyond the Arabian Peninsula, shaping a major empire within 100 years. While the empire eventually broke into smaller parts, Islam continued to spread

  12. Islam After Muhammad’s Death • Muhammad’s Successors • Muhammad died in 632; without naming a successor • Abu Bakr—Muhammad’s successor; closest companion earliest converts • Caliph—”successor” Abu Bakr and those who came after him • Abu Bakr built up strong Arab fighting forces • Expansion of Territory • Caliphate—area ruled by a caliph • Under Abu Bakr and his successor Umar, territory under Muslim rule expanded • 637 defeated Persians in Iraq • 642 defeated all Persian Empire • Damascus, Syria and Jerusalem (from Byzantine Empire) • 639 Egypt (also from Byzantines) • 642 All of the Nile Valley • 661 caliphate stretched from North Africa to Persia

  13. Islam After Muhammad’s Death • 637 defeated Persians in Iraq • 642 defeated all Persian Empire • Damascus, Syria and Jerusalem (from Byzantine Empire) • 639 Egypt (also from Byzantines) • 642 All of the Nile Valley • 661 caliphate stretched from North Africa to Persia

  14. Islam After Muhammad’s Death • Internal Conflict and Division • Some people supported Ali, Muhammad’s cousin and son-in-law, but Abu Bakr was chosen caliph • 644 Ali again was not chosen caliph passed over for Uthman • Umayyad—powerful clan from Mecca; reluctant converts to Islam; enemies of Muhammad • When Ali did become caliph, civil war broke out between his supporters and Umayyads; Ali was killed and Umayyads retook control • Most Muslims reluctantly accepted Umayyad rule, they were called Sunnis • Ali’s supporters who refused to go along became Shia—”party of Ali” • Ali’s successors are called imam—”leader” they believe only imams can interpret the Qur’an • Battle of Karbala, Iraq—conflict between Sunnis and Shia where Husayn (Shia), grandson of Muhammad, led a rebellion against Yazid (Sunni) ; Husayn was killed and his supporters were killed or taken prisoner; became known as the “martyrdom of Husayn” • Sufis—third group within Islam, seek a mystical, personal connection with God

  15. Islam After Muhammad’s Death

  16. The Umayyad Dyansty • Continued Expansion • After Husayn’s death; Umayyadsstrengthened their rule • Made Arabic official language • Made uniform coins • Began building Dome of the Rock in Jerusalem • Expanded east to the borders of China and Indus River Valley and west through Northern Africa and Spain • Failed to take Constantinople in 717; failed to move into France (Battle of Tours; 732) • Many conquered people converted to Islam • “People of the Book” were allowed to practice their own religion but had to pay a heavy tax

  17. The Umayyad Dyansty • Ruling the Empire • Umayyads strengthened the central government • Arab Muslims became a ruling class; caused resentment among non Arab Muslims • End of Umayyads • Shia opposition • Displeasure with emphasis on political ambition • Umayyad favoritism • Abbasids—dynasty that overthrew the Umayyad dynasty to rule the Muslim caliphate from 750 to 1258 • Abbasids united opposition to Umayyads • Led by a direct descendant of Muhammad’s uncle • Devout Muslims thought Abbasids would lead a return to pure Islamic values • 740’s a series of battles in Iran and Iraq wiped out almost all Umayyads

  18. The Abbasid Dynasty • Persian influence • Moved capital to Baghdad • Adopted Persian style of government; leaders cut off from the people • Vizier or “deputy” oversaw the affairs of state • A Change in Culture • Invited all people into Islam, no longer just Arabs • Spread Islam to West Africa and Southeast Asia through trade • Harun al-Rashid—most prominent Abbasidcaliph; helped bring Muslim culture to great heights; produced lasting achievements in arts and science

  19. The End of Unity • Challenges from Europe • 1000’s Christian armies began to drive Muslims out of Spain • Crusades began to challenge in the Holy Land • Problems from Egypt • Fatimids (claimed decent from Muhammad’s daughter) established a dynasty in Egypt in 969 • Controlled Mediterranean and Red Seas; disrupted Abbasid trade • Seljuk Turks • Turkish people who took control of Baghdad in 1055 • Supported the Abbasids against the Fatimids • Went to war with Byzantines; won control of most of Anatolia and created their own empire • Mamluks and Mongols • Mamlucks—enslaved solders took power in Egypt and Syria • In 1258 Mongols from Central Asia after conquering China arrived in Baghdad, destroyed the city and killed the Abbasid caliph

  20. Section 3 Society and Culture • For the most part, Islam was more than a religion. It was a guide to political, social, and cultural life. The early Muslims responded with spectacular achievement in many fields.

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