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Nationalism in the Middle East

Nationalism in the Middle East. A WH1 Presentation by Mr. Hess. Introduction. In the 1920s, 30s, and 40s, nationalism became widespread in the Middle East, particularly in: the Ottoman Empire (now Turkey) Palestine (now Israel), and Persia (now Iran). The Ottoman Empire.

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Nationalism in the Middle East

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  1. Nationalism in the Middle East A WH1 Presentation by Mr. Hess

  2. Introduction • In the 1920s, 30s, and 40s, nationalism became widespread in the Middle East, particularly in: • the Ottoman Empire (now Turkey) • Palestine (now Israel), and • Persia (now Iran)

  3. The Ottoman Empire • The Ottoman Empire was already in decline by the end of the 19th century. • The sultan allied with Germany in WWI to try to strengthen the empire. • Result: lost all lands but present-day Turkey • 1919 – Greece invaded, in an attempt to destroy the Ottoman Empire.

  4. The Ottoman Empire, cont. • Mustafa Kemal led troops in defeating the Greeks in 1922. • He then demanded that the sultan give up the throne. • Kemal became the first president of the Republic of Turkey.

  5. Kemal brought in western influences: calendar, Latin alphabet, metric system, western-style last names, separation of government and religion. He also promoted national pride: “Purified” the language of all words of Persian or Arabic origin. Changed his name to Kemal Ataturk (father of the Turks). Turkey

  6. Palestine • After WWI, Britain received control of Palestine from the Ottoman Empire. • Arabs and Jews both believed they had claims to the land. • Jewish immigration to Palestine had increased due to persecution and Zionism (the movement to reestablish a Jewish homeland in Palestine).

  7. Palestine, cont. • Britain had promised Arabs independence in return for help against the Ottoman Turks. • They also promised help in establishing a Jewish homeland. • Nazi persecution of Jews further increased immigration, leading to violence between Jews and Arabs. • Britain failed to control the situation.

  8. Persia • 1921 – Unhappy with foreign influences, Reza Khan and nationalists overthrew the shah (king). • He built schools, roads, hospitals, and allowed women more freedom.

  9. Persia, cont. • Reza adopted many Western ways, but tried to reduce Western political influence. • Due to resistance to democracy, he ruled as dictator. • He changed his name to Reza Shah Pahlavi.

  10. Persia, cont. • He aligned Persia with Nazi Germany, believing they shared a common Aryan ancestry. • He changed Persia’s name to Iran (=Aryan). • During WWII, he was deposed by Allied forces, who replaced him with his son, who was much more cooperative toward the west.

  11. Today • Turkey continues to be one of the few democracies in the Middle East. • Violence continues between Jews and Arabs in Israel. • Iran has been an Islamic theocracy since 1978, when Mohammed Shah Pahlavi was overthrown. • The Iran Hostage Crisis occurred soon afterward, with 52 Americans held hostage for over a year.

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