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Nationalism in the Middle East

Nationalism in the Middle East. The Land…Jews. Over 3000 years ago Jewish kings ruled the region from Jerusalem to Palestine; driven out Never had their own land; lived in different countries throughout the world Early 1900s Zionism forms. Zionism. Theodor Herzl

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Nationalism in the Middle East

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  1. Nationalism in the Middle East

  2. The Land…Jews • Over 3000 years ago Jewish kings ruled the region from Jerusalem to Palestine; driven out • Never had their own land; lived in different countries throughout the world • Early 1900s Zionism forms

  3. Zionism • Theodor Herzl • Creation of Jewish Homeland • 1904 Palestine was chosen as site • A few make the move to live among 700,000 Muslim Arabs.

  4. The Land…Palestinians • Both Muslims and Christian; land belonged to them since Jew were driven out around A.D. 135 • When Zionism began, already living there and did not want the Jews to infringe on their land • Late 19th early 20th century still under foreign occupation

  5. The Land…Arabs • The land has belonged to them since their conquest of the area in the 7th century • Threatened by the Jewish immigrant s of the 1920’s and 1930’s • Fighting escalates for control of towns and villages of Palestine

  6. Nationalism • Foreign Occupation: • Oil led the British to the ME in ~1900 • Ottoman Empire until their defeat in WWI; then split b/wn Allies • Effects: • Poverty • Poor education • No say in politics • Nationalism led to independence by end of WWII

  7. Western influences remained strong • Pan-Arabism spread • Arab League formed in 1945

  8. Israel: A New State • By 1947 Palestine was the only Euro-ruled territory • GB was struggling to keep control • McMahon Letter (1915) • Balfour Declaration (1917) • WWII brings changes (1938) • VIOLENCE! • GB hands conflict over to the UN

  9. Palestine is partitioned on Nov. 29, 1941 • State of Israel is declared on May 14, 1948 • David Ben-Gurion is Prime Minister • US declares support for Israel

  10. 1948-1949 War • Israel attacked by Arab countries w/in 24 hrs – Egypt, Iraq, Jordan, Lebanon, Saudi Arabia, and Syria • Israel crushed them in months but war will break out again…

  11. The Suez Crisis (1956) • The 2nd conflict • 1952 Gamal Abdel Nasser = Egypt’s pres • New policies • Gave land to peasants • Get British w/drawal from the Suez canal • Build up military • 1956 he nationalized the Suez Canal • GB, FR and IS invade • UN pressures them to w/draw

  12. Six Day War (1967) • 1964 Palestinians form the Palestinian Liberation Organization (PLO); Goals: • Eliminate IS • Create a new Palestinian state • Leader = Yasir Arafat • Violence w/ neighbors leads IS to attack the Arabs and win in 6 days • Results – IS triples their land! • Golan Heights from Syria • Half of Jerusalem from the Arabs • West Bank from Jordan

  13. Yom Kippur War (1973) • New leaders • Anwar Sadat (EG) – a “peacemaker” • Golda Meir (IS) • Egypt and Syria declared war on IS to gain lost lands • Early success for EG and SY but in the end fail • UN forced a cease-fire

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