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ANALYSIS AND TESTING OF SMALL WIND TURBINES CONNECTED TO WEAK AND AUTONOMOUS GRIDS. LUIS CANO LUIS M. ARRIBAS CIEMAT (Spain). INDEX Background SWT connected to the grid: State of the art SWT Inverters - Measurements Standards revision SWT connected to Autonomous systems.
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ANALYSIS AND TESTING OF SMALL WIND TURBINES CONNECTED TO WEAK AND AUTONOMOUS GRIDS LUIS CANO LUIS M. ARRIBAS CIEMAT (Spain)
INDEX • Background • SWT connected to the grid: • State of the art • SWT • Inverters - Measurements • Standards revision • SWT connected to Autonomous systems. • DC-coupled • Case study: CICLOPS system. • AC-coupled • Case study: HYBRIX system. EWEC 2006, Athens
BACKGROUNDS General view: phase I 100 m Mast SWT Measuring EWEC 2006, Athens
BACKGROUNDS General view: phase II SWT Measuring Meteorological Masts EWEC 2006, Athens
BACKGROUNDS • CIEMAT’s TEST FACILITY: • Power Performance Tests. (IEC 61400-12) • Noise Emission Measurement (IEC 61400-11) • Safety and Function Tests (IEC WT 01) • Measurements of grid connected SWT (IEC 61400-21) • Duration Tests (IEC WT 01) • Other Test • Generators performance • Blade Test EWEC 2006, Athens
SWT connected to the grids: State of the art CONNECTION TOPOLOGIES: 1 RECTIFIER CHOPPER INVERTER (Optional) GRID 2 GRID EWEC 2006, Athens
SWT connected to the grids: State of the art Principal SWT connected to grids in Europe (I) Source: Manufacturer webpages EWEC 2006, Athens
SWT connected to the grids: State of the art Principal SWT connected to grids in Europe (II) Source: Manufacturer webpages EWEC 2006, Athens
SWT connected to the grids: State of the art DC R S T Inverters • 6 THYRISTOR BRIDGE INVERTER EWEC 2006, Athens
SWT connected to the grids: State of the art DC R S T Inverters • 6 IGBT PWM INVERTER EWEC 2006, Athens
SWT connected to the grids: State of the art Inverters. Case: 6 IGBT PWM INVERTER EWEC 2006, Athens
Measurements of grid connected SWT Data of SWT measured. Case of a 5kW 6 IGBT PWM inverter EWEC 2006, Athens
Standards revision. IEC 61000 standards on EMC: 3-2: 2001. “Limits for harmonic current emissions (equipment input current up to and including 16 A per phase).” 3-3: 1997. “Limitation of voltage fluctuation and flicker in low-voltage supply systems for equipment with rated current of 16 A.” 4-7: 2004. “Harmonics and Interharmonics Measurements and Instrumentation for Power Supply Systems” 4-11: 2004. “Voltage Dips, Short Interruptions, and Voltage Variations Immunity Test” 4-15: 2004. “Flickermeter” 6-3 Ed 2 (RDIS): 2004. “Generic standards -Emission standard for residentialcommercial and light industrial environments” 6-4: 2002. “Generic standards -Emission standard for industrial environments” EWEC 2006, Athens
Standards revision. Other local Standards. American Standards: UL 1741 Static Inverters and Charge Controllers IEEE 519 Harmonic Control in Electric Power Systems IEEE 929 Utility interface of Photovoltaic ANSI C62.41, C1, C2 Surge Voltages in Low-Voltage AC Power Circuits British Connection Standards GE 59, 83 Embedded Generating Plants, Small-scale generators (up to 16A) GE 77 Single-phase photovoltaic generators up to 5kVA German Standards VDE 0126 Automatic Disconnection Facility for PV Installations Others KEMA K150 Small Grid-connected Photovoltaic Systems JIS C 8962 Power Conditioners for Small PV Power Generating Systems ÖNORM/ÖVE 2750 Austrian Guideline - PV Power Generation Systems NEN1010 Grid-connected PV Systems AS3000, AS4777 Australian - Connection of Energy Systems CSA F381 Canadian - Power Conditioning Systems EWEC 2006, Athens
Wind Turbine Battery Storage Back-up Genset - + DC Side ~ Rectifier + Regulator Stand-alone Inverter AC Side Energy Use Energy Use Energy Use Energy Use • SWT connected to Autonomous systems. Connection Topologies (I): DC-Coupled EWEC 2006, Athens
SWT connected to Autonomous systems. Connection Topologies (I): DC-Coupled • PQ dependant on: • the inverter • the load • not on the SWT • Power electronics • Rectifier (for the SWT) • DC/DC converter (optional) • Stand-alone Inverter • self-commutated • voltage controlled • Stabilizing Unit • long-term storage (battery) • “One-way” converter (inverter) • Traditional and common way of connection • Well known (stand-alone systems) • High quality, relative low price Back-up Genset Wind Turbine Battery Storage - + DC Side Rectifier + Regulator ~ Stand-alone Inverter AC Side Energy Use Energy Use Energy Use Energy Use EWEC 2006, Athens
DC-Coupled SWT connected to Autonomous systems. Case Study: CICLOPS Project Description 7.5 kW SWT 5 kWp PV array 20 kVA Genset 595 C10 Battery Storage EWEC 2006, Athens
DC-Coupled SWT connected to Autonomous systems. Case Study: CICLOPS Project – Data Logging Description EWEC 2006, Athens
DC-Coupled SWT connected to Autonomous systems. Case Study: CICLOPS Project – WT Power Curve EWEC 2006, Athens
Wave form (3400 W resistive load) • DC-Coupled SWT connected to Autonomous systems. Case Study: CICLOPS Project – Inverter characterization Harmonic Distortion for orders from 2 to 50 (3400 W resistive load) EWEC 2006, Athens
DC-Coupled SWT connected to Autonomous systems. Case Study: CICLOPS Project – Inverter characterization Harmonic Distortion for 1 phase (U, I, P) for different resistive loads (cos Φ = 1). EWEC 2006, Athens
- + ~ Energy Use Energy Use Energy Use Energy Use • SWT connected to Autonomous systems. Connection Topologies (II): AC-Coupled Wind Turbine Back-up Genset Battery Storage ~ Grid-connected Inverter Bi-directional Converter AC Side EWEC 2006, Athens
- + ~ ~ • SWT connected to Autonomous systems. Connection Topologies (II): AC-Coupled • Power electronics • Rectifier • DC/DC converter (optional) • Inverter (optional) • Bi-directional converter • Stabilizing Unit • long-term storage (battery) • Bi-directional converter • Recently developed • AREP Project • SMA concept technology • PQ dependant on: • AC coupled devices (including the SWT) • the inverter • the load Back-up Genset Battery Storage Wind Turbine ~ Bi-directional Converter Grid-connected Inverter AC Side Energy Use Energy Use Energy Use Energy Use EWEC 2006, Athens
Sunny Island Inverters • SWT connected to Autonomous systems. Case Study: HYBRIX Project Description 10 kW Vergnet SWT; 30.8 kW PV array and 20 kVA diesel genset. 3 lead acid batteries (2x2200 Ah, 1x800 Ah, 60 volts) From “Iberinco desarrolla el sistema híbrido de generación eléctrica aislado Hybrix ”. Infoenergía.com EWEC 2006, Athens
EMC interference Harmonic Distortion • SWT connected to Autonomous systems. Case Study: HYBRIX Project PQ issues - Sunny Island characteristics EWEC 2006, Athens
CONCLUSIONS • Each country has its own Grid-connection standards • Lack of optimal coupling between the converter and the turbine. (Most of manufacturers buy the inverter and don´t adapted it) • Except few ones, it´s not easy to know if the inverters fulfilled the standards • Inverters are carried out for PV market • Technology is not mature • Certification in each country is very costly EWEC 2006, Athens
THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION! EWEC 2006, Athens