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Reconstruction

Reconstruction. Chapter 16. After the Civil War. South is destroyed: Economically Physically Spiritually Major Questions: How could Union be restored? How would South be reintegrated? How should Confederate states be treated? Who would control readmission?

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Reconstruction

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  1. Reconstruction Chapter 16

  2. After the Civil War • South is destroyed: • Economically • Physically • Spiritually • Major Questions: • How could Union be restored? • How would South be reintegrated? • How should Confederate states be treated? • Who would control readmission? • Would Confederate leaders be punished? • What would happen to former slaves?

  3. Lincoln’s Plan • 10% Plan (1863) • When 10% of state’s citizens took loyalty oath and accepted emancipation, state could set up government • Excluded from oath: Confederate government officials and officers (could apply for Presidential Pardon) • Opposition • Thaddeus Stevens • Ben Wade • Wade-Davis Bill • Passed July 1864 • Each state ruled by military government • 50% of eligible voters had to take oath • State convention had to repeal secession and abolish slavery • To earn voting rights would have to swear to 2nd “iron-clad” oath • Lincoln vetoed • Charles Sumner • Radical Republicans • Thought Lincoln’s plan was too lenient • Lincoln’s Death • Dies before he could implement any plan

  4. Johnson’s Plan • Favored Lincoln’s moderate approach • Created plan while congress out of session • All southerners who took oath would receive a pardon and amnesty with all property restored • Could elect delegated to state convention • Excluded • Confederate officials and officers • As well as, ex-confederates with 20,000+ in taxable property • Way to purge aristocracy • Consequences • Johnson handed out pardon liberally (13,000) • Dropped plan for punishment of treason • All established governments by December 1865 • Confederates elected to office/congress • Some refused to ratify 13th amendment or repudiate debts

  5. South’s Black Codes • Black Codes • Guaranteed basic rights • Marry, own property, contracts, testify • Enforced segregation in public places • Prohibited interracial marriage, jury service by blacks, court testimony of blacks against whites • Barred slaves from leaving former plantations • Most didn’t go into effect • Union Army • Freedman’s Bureau • Thought of southern defiance

  6. Freedman’s Bureau • Created March 1865 • By Congress • Early Welfare agency • Relief • Rations • Medical care • Protect blacks rights as laborers • Also protected/ helped poor whites • Military courts to settle disputes • Greatest Success = Education • 3,000 schools + black colleges • Taught 20,000 to read by 1870 • Sea island experiment

  7. Congress v. Johnson • Conflict • Radical Republicans • Minority in congress • Thaddeus Stevens • Wants black suffrage and to delay readmission of Confederate states • Conservative Republicans • Minority in congress • Favored Johnson’s plan • Moderate Republicans • Largest bloc in Congress • Thought Johnson’s plan too weak • Didn’t want black suffrage • Supported two proposals: • Senator Trumbull • Invalidate black codes • Bill to make blacks US citizens and ensure rights in court 1866 called Civil Rights Act • Johnson vetoed, Congress over-rode

  8. Mid-term Elections 1866 • Johnson • “swing around the circle” • Appealed to whites • Argued equal rights would = Africanized society • Tried to attack Congress • Republicans • Accused Johnson as traitor • “waving the bloody shirt” • Reminded North of war hardships • Results: • Overwhelmingly a Republican victory in both houses

  9. 14th Amendment, 1866 • Proposed by joint committee on reconstruction • Clauses • Citizens • All persons born or naturalized in US • No state could abridge blacks rights without due process • Guaranteed suffrage by threatening republicans in Congress • Disqualified those who supported Confederacy • South had to be forced to deal with blacks fairly • Issue in 1866 elections • Republicans succeeded • Enough members to force any legislation

  10. Congressional Reconstruction, 1866-1867 • Radicals wanted: • Black suffrage • Federal support for schools • Confiscation of Confederate estates • Period of military occupation of South • Passed 1867; Reconstruction Act • Johnson vetoed, congress passed over • Invalidated state governments under Lincoln and Johnson • 5 military districts, run by Union generals • Enfranchised blacks • Slowed readmittance of Confederate states • No treason or confiscation of property • Thaddeus Stevens wanted to take property and split into 40 acres and give to freedmen • Didn’t pass because of issues of property rights

  11. Impeachment Crisis, 1867-1868 • March 1867 • Congress passes two laws to limit presidential power • Tenure of Office Act • Couldn’t remove civil officers without senate consent • Barred Johnson from issuing military orders except through commanding general • August 1867 • Johnson suspended secretary of war Stanton • Wants to replace with Grant • Senate refused to approve • Impeached him • Trial March 1868: not guilty

  12. Circus like atmosphere

  13. Election of 1868 • Republican • Ulysses S. Grant • Famous Union General • No political experience • Democrat • Horatio Seymour • Gov. from NY • Results • Grant wins • Mainly due to 500,000 black votes • Only won Pop vote by 300,000

  14. 15thAmendment (3rd “Reconstruction” Amendment) • Republicans NEEDED black voters support • 1869: 15th amendment proposed • loopholes: • Did not guarantee office holding • Did not prohibit voting restrictions • Question of women’s rights • Two groups: • Boston • American Women’s Suffrage Association • Julia Ward Howe, Lucy Stone • New York • National Woman Suffrage Association • Stanton, Anthony • More radical, wanted amendment • Legislation: • Declared a state could deny woman right to vote • Minor v. Happersett (1875)

  15. Reconstruction Governments • New Electorate • Blacks held majority in Southern states • base of Republican party • Southern Republicans • Carpetbaggers • Scalawags • freedman • Black Officeholders= elite • Literate, non-slaves • Republican Rule • No state instituted land reform • Ambitious public works at state levels • Created public school systems • State debt/ taxes skyrocketed • Counterattacks • Didn’t act until states admitted to Union • 1870 Enforcement Act • Protect black voters • 1871 2nd Enforcement Act • Federal suspension of elections • 3rd Enforcement Act (KKK) • Strengthened punishments • Use of federal troops • Suspension of habeas corpus

  16. Impact of Emancipation • Changes to life • Waves of migration • Urban movement • Find family • Freedman’s Bureau • Family life • Legalize unions • Traditional roles • Black Institutions • Growth of black churches • Ministers assumed political roles • Black schools • Segregated public schools • Rejected integration • Black universities • Remained limited, underfunded • Sharecropping • Southern Homestead Act 1866 • 44 millions acres in SC/GA • Poor soil, no resources • Unable to establish • Lacked $ and equipment • White didn’t want to sell to blacks • Planters wanted to preserve black labor force • Black codes • Labor contracts 1866 • “work your way up” • Problems • Bad harvests, price dropping • = sharecropping • Rents for share of crop • Landowners still retained power • Depression of 1873 • Lots of debt

  17. Crop-Lien Economy • Needed more localized network of credit • Merchants sold supplies, equipment on credit • No collateral, used claimed on next crop • Cycle of indebtedness • Transformed southern agriculture • Prevented crop diversification • Cash crops • Soil depletion, land erosion • poverty

  18. New Concerns in the North, 1868-1876 • Grantism • War hero • Endorsed by Union Vets • Passive President • Plagued by scandals • Rise of the Spoilsmen • Roscoe Conklin, James Blaine • Credit Mobilier Affair • Whiskey Ring • Boss Tweed • Foreign policy • Johnson • Seward’s Folly 1867 • $7.2 Million • Grant • Dominican Republic • unsuccessful • Liberal Revolt • Republicans worried about election of 1872 • Formed Liberal Republican Party • Revolt • Turning point in Recon. • Split support for Reps. • “Liberal” • Free trade, gold standard, supply/demand • Attacked • Grantism, civil-service reform, high tariff policy, • Bayonet rule in South • Nominated Horace Greely • Democrats endorsed • “anything to beat Grant” • Worked himself to death • Grant wins = landslide

  19. Panic of 1873 • Post-war industrial boom • Transcontinental railroad 1869 • over speculation • Jay Cooke (Union Pacific) • 1873 costs outrun investments • By Sept. couldn’t meet obligations • Banks shut down • Panic • Other banks shut down • Stock market collapsed • 5 yr depression • Consequences • Industrialization issues now replaced sectionalism • Currency Dispute • Greenbacks withdrawn after war • Farmers wanted easy money • Issue divided Rep. party • National Debt • Public Credit Act 1869 (Sherman) • Pay back war bonds in coin • Swap for new ones • 1872 “gold coin” • 1875 Specie Resumption Act • Politics • Democrats win house 1875 • Greenback party 1876 • No answer to money question

  20. Reconstruction and the Constitution • Supreme Court • Weakened northern support • Ex Part Milligan 1866 • Court would not support congressional laws to protect freedman’s rights • Special military courts to enact • Texas v. White 1869 • Restoring states meaningless because union was indissoluble • Slaughterhouse Cases 1873 • Chipped away at 14th amendment • Over monopolies • States could violate rights • U.S. v Reese and U.S. v. Cruikshank 1875 • Enforcement Act 1870 • Undercut effectiveness • Consequences • Invalidated Civil Rights Act of 1875 • KKK Act of 1875

  21. End of Reconstruction • Republicans in Retreat • Grant reluctant to assert federal authority in state and local affairs • 1870’s idealism waned • 1872: Amnesty Act • Commercial and industrial interests more important • 1874: Democrats win elections • 1875 Radical Republicans disappeared • Reconstruction abandoned • 1876-1877 • Last Civil Right Act of 1875 • Equal accommodations in public places • Poor enforced • Redeeming the South • Democrats gained momentum after Amnesty Acts • Mobilized formerly apathetic white voters • Divided party • Businessmen • Industrialized New South • Bourbons • Old planter elite • One goal: • Oust Republicans from office • Used intimidation • White leagues, Miss. plan • Exodus movement • “Kansas Fever” 1879

  22. Election of 1876 • Republican Rutherford B. Hayes • “moderate” on southern policy, Home-rule • Untainted by Grant • Guaranteed civil and political rights for all • Democrat Samuel Tilden • Campaigned against fraud and waste • Boss Tweed • Both: • Fiscal conservatives • Favored sound $ • Decried corruption • Election: • Corrupt • Challenged Tilden’s victory • Electoral Commission 1877 • Hayes Win, Democrats the House • “Compromise of 1877”

  23. Election cartoons

  24. Evaluating the Republican Record • Accomplishments • Liberalized state constitutions in South • Universal male suffrage • Property rights for women • Debt relief • Promoted building of roads, bridges, railroads, and other internal improvements • Est. state institutions such as hospitals, asylums • State-supported school systems • Failures • Corruption • Wasteful spending • Bribes/ kickbacks • The North During Reconstruction • Rise of the Spoilsmen • Corruption in business and government • Scandals • Boss Tweed • Stole $200 million from taxpayers in NY • Battle between Tweed and Thomas Nast • Arrested in 1871

  25. Reconstruction Summary • Reconstruction a democrat experiment that didn’t go far enough • Congress did not promote freedman’s independence through land reform • Federal government neglected to back Congressional Reconstruction with military force • Failure of government to fulfill its own goals Looking towards a new America

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