5. Social trends and the inclusive city

1. 5. Social trends and the inclusive city City population growth and social development are also closely linked. The NSDP shows that when unemployment is as serious everywhere, migration becomes more sensitive to non-economic factors Economic development and social development are also linked. It is not a waste of valuable resources to focus on the social, when it helps build the middle class consumer and entrepreneur of tomorrow • Key issues examined in report: • Infrastructure development • Distribution of wealth and opportunity, and burden of costs • Human development • Spatial disadvantage • Security against risk • Quality of life

2. 5. Social trends and the inclusive city City municipalities have made good progress in infrastructure development. Across 9 cities, numbers of people served have increased dramatically in 96-01 However population trends mean some proportions served remain same or have declined, ie the backlogs persist

3. 5. Social trends and the inclusive city There are obviously differences between municipalities And differences within service levels • Although the number of households with water on site (ie in yard or in dwelling) increased between 96-01, this was mostly made up of new yard connections • The number of households with water in-dwelling decreased by 121 565 • Partly due to movement of 478 922 households out of backyard accommodation in 1996-2001

4. 5. Social trends and the inclusive city There are key differences between municipalities in the allocation of resources to social facilities

5. 5. Social trends and the inclusive city There are still large differences in access to services across racial groups

6. 5. Social trends and the inclusive city • 179,6% increase in households reporting no income • Declines in percentage of households at middle income levels • Increase in dependency ratio from 3.13 to 3.41 (in some cities > 5) Average household income in cities grew from R48 291 to R71 835 per annum 1996-2001. But …

7. 5. Social trends and the inclusive city • Urban living costs include actual costs, transaction costs, and the opportunity costs of vulnerability. These costs bear heavily on those trying to move out of poverty. Need for a ‘social package’ very NB Living in the city has become more ‘costly’ over time

8. 5. Social trends and the inclusive city Spatial exclusion is worsening as people without employment and opportunities are pushed to edges of cities • A picture of locational disadvantage in Ekurhuleni

9. 5. Social trends and the inclusive city With spatial exclusion comes higher costs in terms of both time and resources • Times and costs from the Johannesburg ITP

10. 5. Social trends and the inclusive city • Approx 55 infant deaths per 1000 live births in a number of cities • Most cities have HIV prevalence rates of 29% - 32%, rising to 36% in one city • TB incidence rates range from 251/100 000 population to 1470/100 000 in one city • Life expectancy estimates range from 54yrs to as low as 43yrs • But very good news on education! Key indicators of levels of human development

11. 5. Social trends and the inclusive city Most residents in the cities do not have any formal security against risk • 67,75% are not covered for any risk • Only 26,05% are members of medical aid • Also, 43,13% have no access to banking facilities of any kind • Only 5,45% have a home loan

12. 5. Social trends and the inclusive city Quality of life is a subjective measure of sense of well-being in the city. It refers to a number of things, not just whether residents have access to services. • Sense of personal dignity esp regard access to socio-economic rights • Convenience, relative to costs, of living in the city. And perceived value for money of where living • Sense of belonging in the city & connectedness to a neighbourhood • Voice & degree of influence over social processes that impact on life • General satisfaction with standard of living, and capacity to realistically aspire to a better standard