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Reaping what we Sow The ever-increasing need for energy storage

Reaping what we Sow The ever-increasing need for energy storage. Andy West Senior Chemist. Introduction Energy Challenges Hydrogen The Ammonia Economy Chemical Storage Thermal Storage Other Techniques Outlook. Introduction. ‘Novel’ energy generation research is well supported.

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Reaping what we Sow The ever-increasing need for energy storage

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  1. Reaping what we SowThe ever-increasing need for energy storage Andy West Senior Chemist

  2. Introduction • Energy Challenges • Hydrogen • The Ammonia Economy • Chemical Storage • Thermal Storage • Other Techniques • Outlook

  3. Introduction • ‘Novel’ energy generation research is well supported

  4. Llyn Stwlan Energy Challenges • Generation is easy, storage is not... • At small scale... • At large scale...

  5. Hydrogen • ‘Darling’ of energy storage, but… • 1Kg of H2 = 3.5Kg of petrol, petrol = 4l, H2 = 11m3! • Even at 300 atm, fuel tank would be x10 size • H2 attacks storage tanks • Liquefied H2 is -253°C, Antarctica is -89°C • 40% of energy is used to liquefy • Storage maintenance uses more energy

  6. The Ammonia Economy • Ammonia can be a hydrogen carrier, ICE and FC fuel • Storage under moderate pressure is easy (8 atm) • Fuel tanks would be 3x volume, 2x weight vs petrol • Ammonia production undertaken for >100 years • Unlike methane/methanol/ethanol, no C emissions

  7. The Ammonia Refinery N2 purification Heat Nitrogen NH3 Synth Energy Hydrogen Water hydrolysis

  8. Chemical Storage • Flow cells

  9. Chemical Storage • Vanadium, V/bromide and polysulphide/ bromide • Size is theoretically limitless • No ‘charge memory’, storage decay • Charged by electricity / replacement of electrolyte • Used for power smoothing, wind / solar storage

  10. Sodium-ion Battery • Lithium is expensive and becoming rarer • Sodium-ion batteries are significantly cheaper • Higher theoretical energy storage than lead/acid • Suitable for large and small energy storage apps • Cutting edge – no. of cycles is major hurdle

  11. Thermal Storage • Solar thermal technology advancing • 1GW in 2012, 14GW by 2016 • Only works in the day! • Energy storage as heat is highly efficient (night ops) • Need thermally stable heat transfer fluids

  12. Thermal Storage • Current salts are stable up to 500°C • Heat can be stored for a week • Torresol (ES, 2011) 1st CSPS 24h continuous power gen • 20MW plant, larger planned

  13. Other Techniques • Supercapacitors / ultracapacitors • Superconducting magnetic energy storage • Flywheel energy storage • Ice storage • Solar ponds • Biofuels

  14. Outlook • E storage research more important than E generation • Lots of technologies with potential • Key factors are efficiency and E storage density • Large scale and small scale solutions will differ

  15. Vanadium Oxide Impact For Your Business • Improved ROI on renewables • No change at all!

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