Research & Referencing

1. Research & Referencing

3. IB Academic Honesty Policy • 1.2. ‘An authentic piece of work is one that is based on the candidate’s individual and original ideas with the ideas and work of others fully acknowledged’. • 1.3. ‘In understanding the concept of intellectual property candidates must at least be aware that forms of intellectual and creative expression (for example, works of literature, art or music) must be respected and are normally protected by law.’ Academic honesty: guidance for schools. 2003. Geneva. International Baccalaureate Organization. p. 2

4. Malpractice 2.1 Malpractice includes: • Plagiarism: this is defined as the representation of the ideas or work of another person as the candidate’s own • Collusion: this is defined as supporting malpractice by another candidate, as in allowing one’s work to be copied or submitted for assessment by another • Duplication of work: this is defined as the presentation of the same work for different assessment components and/or diploma requirements • Any other behaviour that gains an unfair advantagefor a candidate or that affects the results of another candidate (for example, taking unauthorized material into an examination room, misconduct during an examination, falsifying a CAS record). Academic honesty: guidance for schools. 2003. Geneva. International Baccalaureate Organization. p. 2

5. Plagiarism According to the definition given in the 1997 New Webster's Encyclopaedic Dictionary of the English Language, plagiarism is "the unauthorized use of the language and thoughts of another author and the representation of them as one's own" (508). http://edc.carleton.ca/blog/wp-content/uploads/2008/06/061013_internet_citing1.gif

6. Forms of Plagiarism Downloading a free research paper Buying a paper from a free research mill Copying an article from the web or e-database Translating a foreign article into English Cutting and pasting from various sources Changing some words but copying whole phrases Quoting less than the words copied Paraphrasing/Summarizing without attribution Faking a citation

7. What is referencing? All ideas and work of other persons, regardless of their source, must be acknowledged

8. How to Reference • You can give the source of your ideas in 3 ways: • Quoting • Summarizing • Paraphrasing • All three should contain an in-text reference including: • the author's family name • the date of publication • the page number(s); e.g. Yule (3) All three should also have a reference in the bibliography.

9. Quoting – in text 'Quoting' means using the exact same words as the original author. There are 3 ways you can do this: • Quotation integrated with the text. This is for shorter pieces of text; e.g. from one word up to two sentences. Example: At the beginning of "The Five Orange Pips," for example, Watson notes that this adventure is one of the "many which present strange and interesting features,“ (Doyle 100)

10. Quoting-Ellipsis 2. Quotation using ellipsis ( ... ) to omit certain words, phrases or sentences from the original. You can do this to miss out any unnecessary information. Example: As if this weren't enough, John Openshaw, the man who brings the case to Holmes, describes his problem as "no ordinary one" (102), and adds that he doubts "whether . . .  you have ever listened to a more mysterious and inexplicable chain of events“ (Doyle 103).

11. Quoting-Paragraphs 3. Quotation in an indented (narrow margins) paragraph, without quotation marks. This is for longer pieces of text, for example, for paragraphs. Example: Watson points out: There is, however, one of these [cases] last which was so remarkable in its details and so startling in its results that I am tempted to give some account of it in spite of the fact that there are points in connection with it which never have been, and probably never will be, entirely cleared up. (Doyle 3)

12. Quoting-Phrases 4. Phrases that you can use for quoting include, 'As stated by...'(an author or authors), 'As stated in...'(books, articles or papers), 'In the view of....'(an author or authors). Example:According to Watson (3-4), “his face was pale and his eyes heavy, like those of a man who is weighed down with some great anxiety”.

13. Summarizing Summarizing is writing in brief what the author says. Summarizing is useful because: • you can miss out unnecessary details, such as examples • you can use less words than the author, and therefore reduce the number of words in your writing Summary Guidelines • A summary should have about 50% or less words than the words that you are summarizing. • A summary should have both an in-text reference and a reference in the bibliography.

14. Paraphrasing Paraphrasing means using the ideas of an author, but not using his or her exact words. However, the meaning should be the same. You can do this, for example, to say that 2 different authors have the same opinion, and give the opinion as a paraphrase. This shows that you can categorise ideas. Example: According to Yule (3-4) and Grundy (5), pragmatics is about how people understand each other's meaning from their words. Paraphrasing Phrases • Other phrases besides 'According to...' that you can use to do this include: 'As stated by...'(an author or authors), 'As stated in...'(books, articles or papers), 'In the view of....(an author or authors).

15. Authentic Sources – Initial Appraisal • Author • Date of Publication • Edition or Revision • Publisher • Title of Journal/Website/Article/ Book, etc. • Scholarly Journals

16. Authentic Sources- ‘academic, peer-reviewed, or refereed journals’ • Have an abstract, a descriptive summary of the article contents, before the main text of the article. • Cite their sources in the form of footnotes or bibliographies. These bibliographies are generally lengthy and cite other scholarly writings. • Articles are written by a scholar in the field or by someone who has done research in the field. The affiliations of the authors are listed, usually at the bottom of the first page or at the end of the article-universities, research institutions, think tanks, and the like. • The main purpose of a scholarly journal is to report on original research or experimentation in order to make such information available to the rest of the scholarly world. • Many scholarly journals are published by a specific professionalorganization.

17. Research Databases EBSCOhost IMS Research IMS Research IMS Research IMS Research Financial Database Services ProQuest TeleGeography

18. Two types of referencing 1. In-Text Referencing • Citing of references within the text of an essay Direct quotation Ryken (128) states that ‘… work reaches back to the very beginning of the world’. Indirect quotation or paraphrase Ryken (128) states that work is as old as creation.

19. In-text referencing-footnotes and endnotes Footnotes and Endnotes are used to give credit to sources of any material borrowed, summarized or paraphrased. They are intended to refer readers to the exact pages of the works listed in the Works Cited, References, or Bibliography section. Footnotes:placed numerically at the foot of the very same page where direct references are made Endnotes:placed numerically at the end of the essay on a separate page entitled Endnotes or Notes Example: 2G. Wayne Miller, King of Hearts: The True Storyof the Maverick Who Pioneered Open Heart Surgery (New York: Times, 2000) 245.

20. Two types of referencing 2. The Bibliography • Bibliography – list of all works used in preparing the task The Bibliography is divided into 2 sections • Works Cited (or Reference List/References) & • Works consulted

21. Works Cited Works Cited (Reference List or References) - List of resources that have been specifically referred to, quoted and/or paraphrased in the text of the assessment task.

22. Works Consulted List of all resources that have been read and or looked at as a part of the preparation for the assessment task BUT there has been no specific reference to any of the listed resources in the text of the assessment task.

23. Do’s and Don’t’s

24. Referencing Styles (MLA, APA, Chicago/Turabian, Harvard, CGOS, CBE) How to reference: • In-text citation • Books • Magazine articles • Scholarly Journal articles • Newspaper articles • Websites • Interviews

25. In-text citation In the text of your paper: The first gambling Web site appeared in 1995, and online gambling has since become the most lucrative Internet business (Will 92). or George Will reported that in 2002 Internet gambling surpassed pornography to become the Internet's most lucrative business (92). • In your Works Cited list: Will, George F. "Electronic Morphine." Newsweek 25 Nov. 2002: 92.

26. Books Author. Title of Book. City of Publication: Publisher, Year. • One author: Example: Brinkley, Alan. The Unfinished Nation. New York: Knopf, 1993. b. Two authors: Example: Rowe, Richard, and Larry Jeffus. The Essential Welder: Gas Metal Arc Welding Classroom Manual. Albany: Delmar, 2000. c. Multiple authors: Example: Randall, John E., Gerald R. Allen, and Roger C. Steene. Fishes of the Great Barrier Reef and Coral Sea. Honolulu: U of Hawaii P, 1997.

27. Practice-Book Year: 1950 Publisher: Penguin Books City of Publication: New York

28. Magazine Articles Author. "Title of Article." Title of Magazine Date: Page(s). • Abbreviate the months (except May, June, July). • Give complete dates for magazines issued every week or every two weeks, written in this order: Day Month Year, e.g., 15 Jan. 2000 • If the article is on consecutive pages, specify the page numbers of the entire article, e.g. 16-20. Give just the last two digits of the second number, when possible, e.g. 188-89, but 196-200 • If the article is not on consecutive pages — if, for example, it begins on page 27, then skips to page 30, and continues on page 32 — write only the first page number, followed by a plus sign: 27+. • Do not give volume and issue numbers for magazine articles. Examples: Dominus, Susan. "Why Pretty Isn’t Pretty Enough Anymore." Glamour Jan. 2004: 136+. Talcott, Richard. "Great Comets." Astronomy May 2004: 36-41. No Author Given If no author's name is given, begin with the title of the article. Example: • "Qantas Looks to Airbus for Long-Range Aircraft." Aviation Week and Space Technology 5 Apr. 2004: 22.

29. Practice-Magazine Article Author: Richard Stengel Pages: 25,27,30 Title: “The New Age” Date: January 2010 Title of Magazine: Time

30. Websites Complete publication information may not be available for a Web site; provide what is given. Entire Internet Site: Scholarly Project or Professional Site Title of the Site. Editor. Date and/or Version Number. Name of Sponsoring Institution. Date of Access <URL>. Example: Encyclopedia Mythica. 2004. 13 May 2004 <http://www.pantheon.org/>.Document from a Web Site Author. "Title of Web Page." Title of the Site. Editor. Date and/or Version Number. Name of Sponsoring Institution. Date of Access <URL>. Example: Sherman, Chris. "Everything You Ever Wanted to Know About URL." SearchEngineWatch. Ed. Danny Sullivan. 24 Aug. 2004. 4 Sept. 2004 <http://searchenginewatch.com/searchday/article.php/3398511>.

31. Practice-Website You have just used Sparknotes to obtain a chapter-wise summary for 1984 by George Orwell. Cite the reference.

32. Scholarly Journal Articles Journal with Continuous Pagination Through the Volume Author. "Title of Article." Title of Journal Volume number (Year): Page(s). Example: Davis, William D., Thomas Cleary, Michelle Donnelly, and Samuel Hellerman. "Using Sensor Signals to Analyze Fires." Fire Technology 39 (2003): 295-308. Journal with Issues Paged Separately Author. "Title of Article." Title of Journal Volume number. Issue number (Year): Page(s). • Give both the volume and issue numbers, separated by a period. e.g. volume 12, no. 8 = 12.8 Example: Murphy, Karen L., Roseanne DePasquale, and Erin McNamara. "Meaningful Connections: Using Technology in Primary Classrooms." Young Children 58.6 (2003): 12-18.

33. Article in Online Periodicals Author. "Title of Article." Title of Publication Date: Page(s) or Section(s), if numbered. Date of Access <URL>. Examples: Gima, Craig. "Whale's Body Found Near Hanalei Bay." Honolulu Star-Bulletin.com 6 July 2004. 4 Sept. 2004 <http://starbulletin.com/2004/07/06/news/story1.html>. Gundy, Jess. "The Complexities of Use of Force." Law and Order Dec 2003. 13 May 2004 <http://www.hendonpub.com/LawMag/catalog.cfm?dest=itempg&itemid=10350&linkon=category&linkid=87&secid=15>.

34. Newspaper Articles Author. "Title of Article." Name of Newspaper Date, edition: Page(s). • Take the name of the newspaper from the masthead, but omit any introductory article: Honolulu Advertiser, not The Honolulu Advertiser. • If the city of publication is not part of the newspaper's name, add it in square brackets: News and Observer [Raleigh, NC] • Give the complete date, but not the volume and issue numbers. • Specify the edition of the newspaper, if one is given on the masthead. • If the article is not on consecutive pages, write the first page number and a plus sign: B1+. Example: • Daranciang, Nelson. "Sex Offender Web Site Debated." Honolulu Star-Bulletin 8 Apr. 2004, night final ed.: A3.

35. Interviews Interview Conducted by the Researcher Person Interviewed. Type of Interview (personal, telephone, email, etc.). Date.Example: Nakamura, Michael. Personal interview. 23 July 2004. Broadcast Interview Add information for the television or radio broadcast. Example: Clinton, Bill. Interview with Larry King. Larry King Live. CNN. 24 June 2004.