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Species Diversity

Species Diversity. Breeding bird species. Function of Species in Ecosystems – the airplane analogy. Function of Species in Ecosystems – the airplane analogy – are species the rivets or the passengers?. What happens when we lose too many pieces?. Ecosystem Diversity. What is an Ecosystem?.

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Species Diversity

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  1. Species Diversity Breeding bird species

  2. Function of Species in Ecosystems – the airplane analogy

  3. Function of Species in Ecosystems – the airplane analogy – are species the rivets or the passengers?

  4. What happens when we lose too many pieces?

  5. Ecosystem Diversity

  6. What is an Ecosystem? • An ecosystem is a group of interacting organisms (often called the community) in a particular location and the physical environment they inhabit

  7. Walden Pond Shoreline

  8. Pond Ecosystem

  9. Ecotone between pine forest and grassland

  10. Tree Hole Ecosystem

  11. Island Ecosystem

  12. Lake Superior Ecosystem – from space

  13. Lake Superior Ecosystem – at night

  14. Biosphere

  15. Steppe Grasslands North Dakota Masai Mara, Kenya

  16. Ecosystem as Superorganism?

  17. Ecosystem as Collection of Individuals?

  18. Ecosystems of Great Smoky Mountains – from R.H. Whittaker

  19. Ecosystems of Great Smoky Mountains – elevation vs. moisture

  20. Tree species distributions in Great Smoky Mountains

  21. Caption for preceding three figures

  22. Value of Ecosystems Strategic Values

  23. Value of Ecosystems Uniqueness Value

  24. Devil’s Hole – landscape and the hole And the pupfish

  25. Desert Pupfish

  26. Genetic Diversity

  27. Ancestor of the DogCanis lupus arabs or Canis lupus lupus

  28. Variation in Brassica oleracea

  29. Variation in Brassica oleracea

  30. What is Genetic Diversity? • Genetic diversity is the diversity that occurs in genes of individuals and species • Genetic diversity originates with mutations • It is probably best to think of genetic diversity as occurring at 4 different levels: 1. among species 2. among populations 3. within populations 4. within individuals

  31. Chimpanzee – Pan troglodytes

  32. Among Species Variation - Jiggs and Dorothy Lamour

  33. Among Species Diversitycomparison of mitochondrial DNA

  34. Among Populations – Achillea lanulosa

  35. Within Population - Diversity in shell patterns in a population of Garden Snails - Cepaea

  36. Within Individual Variation Bi-colored eyes in Siberian Huskies

  37. Measuring Genetic Diversity • Among and within populations we often measure genetic diversity by measuring polymorphism - the percentage of genes that are polymorphic (have several alleles) within a population • Polymorphism is sometimes also considered to be a process - the maintenance of genetic diversity within a population • We can also measure genetic diversity by measuring heterozygosity - the percentage of genes at which the average individual is heterozygous

  38. Origin of Genetic Diversity • Genetic diversity originates with mutations • Genetic diversity fuels evolution by allowing organisms to differ from their ancestors and thus be subject to different selection pressures

  39. Selection for white spotting in Dutch Rabbits

  40. Cause of Continuous Variation • The genetic cause for these changes are genes with small phenotypic effect called multiple factors or polygenes – • Polygenes are where several genes interact to produce a quantitative phenotypic effect on a character

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