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Zhongguo  China Through the Ages

1600 BCE. - 0. Disunion. 1911 CE. Zhongguo  China Through the Ages. The Middle Kingdom. Shang Zhou Qin unification Han Sui reunification Tang Song Mongol Yuan Ming Manchu Qing. Zhou (sounds like “Joe”) Dynasty 1027?-256 BCE. Western Zhou 1027-771 BCE Eastern Zhou 770-256 BCE

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Zhongguo  China Through the Ages

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  1. 1600 BCE - 0 Disunion 1911 CE ZhongguoChina Through the Ages The Middle Kingdom • Shang • Zhou • Qin unification • Han • Sui reunification • Tang • Song • Mongol Yuan • Ming • Manchu Qing

  2. Zhou (sounds like “Joe”) Dynasty1027?-256 BCE • Western Zhou 1027-771 BCE • Eastern Zhou 770-256 BCE • Warring States 403-221 BCE

  3. Zhou (sounds like “Joe”) Dynasty1027?-256 BCE • Tian Ming: Mandate of Heaven • Feudal system  strong centralized gov’t • Commerce  cultural homogeneity • Civilization: era of great philosophers • Kongfuzi (Confucius) -- 551?-479? BCE • Laozi (Lao-tzu) -- 570?-490? BCE • by the way … in India/Nepal: Siddhartha Gautama (the Buddha) -- 563?-483? BCE

  4. 1600 BCE Disunion 1911 CE Qin Dynasty (221-206 BCE) • Shihuangdi: “First Emperor” • Unified China by conquering Warring States • Concept: “Son of Heaven” should rule China • Aggressive, cruel, megalomaniacal - 0

  5. Qin Dynasty: 6000+ terracotta warriors protect Shihuangdi’s tomb (210 BCE)

  6. 1600 BCE - 0 Disunion 1911 CE Han Dynasty(206 BCE-221 CE) • Approaches the borders of modern China • Confucianism becomes state philosophical/ religious system • Large, efficient bureaucracy, organized by talent • Very prosperous

  7. 1600 BCE - 0 Disunion 1911 CE Sui Dynasty(581-618) • Reunified China • Revitalized economy • First to actively support Buddhism • Grand Canal construction • connect Yangtze Valley with north, for trade & communication • Examination System

  8. 1600 BCE - 0 Disunion 1911 CE Tang Dynasty(618-907) • Prosperity, stability, and military expansion • peace along the Silk Road • foreigners welcomed • Japan & Korea benefit • Golden Age of art & literature • War (rebellion) prompted population to move south

  9. Tang Art & Literature (8th c.) • Li Bai: romantic poet • Topics: love, friendship, wine, the strange and awe-inspiring elements of nature • Du Fu: realist poet • Topics: worldly attachments, family, injustices • Wang Wei: painter/poet with Buddhist sensitivity to nature • landscapes, monochromatic style

  10. 1600 BCE - 0 Disunion 1911 CE Mongol Yuan Dynasty(1279-1368) • Kublai Khan • first non-Chinese peoples to conquer all of China • East-West communication improved dramatically • Marco Polo • new foods and medicines • Harsh on the Chinese

  11. Most scholar-officials Mongol Yuan Dynasty: Culture Clash • Social class rank: traditional  Yuan • Scholars  1 Mongols • Farmers  2 Foreigners • Artisans  3 Northern Chinese • Merchants  4 Southern Chinese • Uneducated Mongols (and foreigners): decreased emphasis on education civil service exams temporarily abolished • Chinese hated Mongols’ hunting, boozing, meat-eating; clashed on women’s rights

  12. Painting • Painting and calligraphy always intertwined • An ideal: “a painter may use ink alone, and yet all five colors may seem present in his painting” • a Tang-era critic • Nature, daily life, animals • Symbols, balance Sources: Metropolitan Museum of Art website, Museum of Fine Arts (Boston) website

  13. Chinese Opera • Emerged during Mongol Yuan Dynasty • Music influences harmony of the universe • Originally, stories of heroes & supernatural; now about history, Communist icons, etc. • Great titles Five Mice Fighting in the Capital; Hai Rui Dismissed from Office; Yang Silang Visits His Mother; The Emperor's Female Son-in-law; Madame Big Feet; Bai Lixi Reunites with His Wife

  14. 1600 BCE - 0 Disunion 1911 CE Ming Dynasty(1368-1644) • Isolationist • uniformity • introspective • So centralized that it couldn’t adapt easily • General stagnation, but flourishing arts and prose literature

  15. Ming Dynasty: built 1500 mile Great Wall near northern border in 15th-16th c.

  16. Ming Architecture: Altar of Heaven Ming Pottery: porcelain with blue glaze

  17. 1600 BCE - 0 Disunion 1911 CE Manchu QingDynasty (1644-1911) • Opium Wars: open China • Boxer Rebellion • Ideas from West include: progress, evolution • gradual abandonment of cyclical sense of history, to be replaced by the sense that it advances in stages

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