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Middle Ages

Middle Ages. Geography of Europe, Africa, and Asia. Europe. What was Europe like?. Governments became more local “mini Ice-Age” caused a decline in food production People were not as healthy Some learning was lost. Middle Ages.

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Middle Ages

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  1. Middle Ages

  2. Geography of Europe, Africa, and Asia

  3. Europe

  4. What was Europe like? • Governments became more local • “mini Ice-Age” caused a decline in food production • People were not as healthy • Some learning was lost

  5. Middle Ages • A time between the Classical Period (Greece and Rome) and the Modern World (RenaissanceNow)

  6. Charlemagne • Son of Pepin III • Rule 768-814 • Defeated many in war: • Lombards (Italy) • Saxons (northern Germany) • Avars (central Europe) • Spain in the Pyrenees • 800- crowned “Emperor of the Romans” by Pope Leo III

  7. Carolingian Renaissance • Emphasis on reading, writing, and education • Developed schools based on the Roman model • Alcuin of York taught Charlemagne’s children • Written Bible • Caroline miniscule • Bishops told to create libraries

  8. Charlemagne’s Reforms • Split up his empire into areas controlled by counts • MissiDominici “the Lord’s messengers” • Ensured support of Charlemagne • Heard complaints • Determined effectiveness of laws

  9. Decline of the Frankish Empire • Charlemagne gave his empire to his son, Louis the Pious • 840- Louis divided the empire among his sons: Lothair, Charles the Bald, and Louis the German • 843- Treaty of Verdun • Split up Charlemagne’s empire • 870- Middle Kingdom split between the remaining two kingdoms • Empire weakened by invasion • Muslims • Slavs • Magyars

  10. Feudalism

  11. How it worked • A powerful noble had lots of land, more than he could use • He granted this land (called a fief) to a lesser noble to use • This created a contract between the two • The lesser noble promised loyalty while the powerful noble promised protection • Land was inherited from father to eldest son (primogeniture) • Women could have land in their dowry, but it became their husband’s land when they got married

  12. The people • Lord= grants land/expects loyalty • Vassal= accepts land/protection • Knights= trained soldiers that work for vassals (nobility) • Peasants (Serfs)= people who live on the land and farm the land

  13. Manors • Self-sufficient villages where peasants worked the land for a noble • Noble kept 1/3 of the land for private use (domain) • Peasants had other 2/3 to work for their sustenance • Peasants also had to work on the noble’s land to pay for use of their land

  14. Rise of Monarchies

  15. England • 450-Anglo-Saxons (Germanic tribes) invaded • 871- Alfred the Great • 900s- Danish rule • 1066- Norman Conquest (William the Conqueror) • Brought feudalism to England • King had more power in England • France and English nobles connected • 1200s- King John • Magna Carta

  16. King John • Son of Henry II • Wanted English nobles to pay more taxes to support wars in France • Nobles banded together to oppose this • Forced King John to sign the Magna Carta

  17. Magna Carta • Latin for “Great Charter” • Protected the liberties of the nobles • Established rights for ordinary people • King John could not raise taxes without consent of the Great Council • It made sure that the king obeyed the law like everyone else.

  18. France • 800s-900s- Carolingians (i.e. Charlemagne) • 987- Hugh Capet comes to power • Capetians rule for 300 years • France is decentralized • Nobles have most power, then king, then church • 1328- Valois come to power

  19. Holy Roman Empire • 800- Charlemagne crowned Holy Roman Emperor • Many leaders, not very strong

  20. Warfare • Wars were common • Usually a result of private fights between two people • Knights were trained soldiers that had lots of armor • Chain mail • Iron helmet • Sword • Shield • Lance • Knights fought for their lord

  21. Justice system • Three ways to determine guilt (or innocence) • Trial by battle • Duel • Compurgation • Oath taking • Similar to character witness • Trial by Ordeal • How well does the accused survive a particular ordeal?

  22. Types of Ordeals • Trial by Cold Water- a person takes a sip of holy water and is then thrown into a pool of water. If she sinks to the bottom, she is innocent. If she floats, she is guilty • Trial by Hot Iron- a one pound iron weight is heated until it is hot. The accused must walk nine feet with the hot iron in his hands to prove innocence • Trial by Hot Water- A laundry cauldron is filled with water and heated until the water is boiling. A rock is dropped in the cauldron, and the accused must retrieve it • Trial by the Host- the accused has to eat a piece of sacred bread without choking

  23. Knights • Soldiers that fought for various lords • Usually wealthy because they had to fund their armor • Usually sons of noblemen that would not inherit land • Started as pages (servants) at age 7 • Then became squires (personal assistants to knights) around age 14 • If proven through courageous and skillful, a squire could become a knight.

  24. Chivalry • A code of conduct that dictated how a knight or nobleman should act toward others of his class • Includes: • Fighting fairly • Being courageous • Loyal to friends • Honesty • Courteous to women

  25. Nobles • Did not live in luxury • Often lived in a keep or a castle (later on) • Castles had thick walls for defense and small windows without glass • Marriage was a way to advance one’s fortunes • Men depended on their wife and children for help

  26. Peasants • Worked the land • Did not get vacations or holidays • Could not hunt on the Lord’s land • Peasants had a poor diet (rarely ate meat) • Victims of warfare

  27. Church

  28. Hierarchy

  29. Monasticism • Some people wanted to escape from the world and devote their life to God • Initially, monks and nuns lived alone and apart from the world • Eventually they built monasteries (for monks) and convents (for nuns) • Monasticism was the way of life in monasteries and convents

  30. Saints • Saint Benedict- became a hermit • Well-known for his holiness • Established a monastery at Monte Cassino in central Italy • The standards he set for monks was known as Benedictine Rule and was later adopted by other monasteries and convents • Saint Patrick • Brought Christianity to Ireland in 432 • Saint Augustine • Led a group of monks to England • Archbishop of Canterbury (center of Christian church in England)

  31. Church and Politics • Canon law- Church’s law code • Interdict- form of punishment where all churches in a region were closed and sacraments forbidden • Heretics- those who opposed the church • Threat to the church, heretics punished severely • Tithe- One tenth of a person’s income to be paid to the Church

  32. Society and Economics • Encouraged equality and dignity for all • Divorce was never allowed • Took care of poor and needy • Sometimes even established hospitals

  33. Problems • Church gained great wealth and influence • Simony- people could buy church offices • Inquisition- search for heretics • Especially popular in Spain • Often involved torture of accused heretics

  34. Decline of Church’s Power

  35. Babylonian Captivity • Philip IV of France tried to tax the clergy • Pope Boniface VIII decreed this illegal • Philip IV had the pope arrested. • After Boniface died, Philip IV had a French pope elected • 1309- Clement V moved church headquarters to Avignon, France • 1377- Pope Gregory XI returned the papacy to Rome

  36. Great Schism • 1377- Pope Gregory XI returned the papacy to Rome • 1378- cardinals elected an Italian pope and then later a French pope • Italian pope stayed in Rome • French pope moved to Avignon • Council of Constance 1414-1417- ended the Great Schism • Elected a new Italian pope • Removed French and Italian popes • A third pope resigned

  37. Black Death • A.k.a. “Bubonic Plague” or the “Black Plague” • 1347- plague came from Asia and spread along trade routes • Black rats on ships carried the disease • Fleas bit rats and then bit humans • High mortality rate • About 25 million people died between 1347-1351 • 1/3 the population of Europe

  38. Results of the Black Death • People lost faith in God • Church lost power and importance • Workers became more valuable and asked for higher wages • Peasant uprisings • Change in relations between the upper and lower class

  39. Hundred Years War

  40. Why? • English king Edward III held lands in France • He was a vassal of the French king • 1328- French Capetian king died • Edward III claimed the throne • French elected Philip VI to be king • War broke out

  41. Battles and Weapons • Battle of Agincourt (1415) • English used the longbow to cut down French knights • Orleans • Siege led by Joan of Arc • Weapons • Cannons • Gunpowder • Longbows

  42. Joan of Arc • A peasant girl that helped France unite to defeat the English • French royal family was at war • House of Burgundy sided with the British • House of Orleans tried to unite France • Joan of Arc helped secure the throne for Charles VII of Orleans • After her capture and trial, she was burned at the stake for unwomanly conduct

  43. Results • French won the war, but France was deeply hurt • Kings in France and England gained more power over nobles • English kings had power limited further by the law

  44. Africa

  45. Bantu Migrations • http://www.eduplace.com/kids/socsci/ca/books/bkf3/imaps/AC_06_206_bantu/AC_06_206_bantu.html • 1000 BC-1100 AD • Bantu is an African language group • People moved looking for more farmland

  46. Sub-Saharan Africa • Dominated by city-states that used the trade routes along the Indian Ocean • 700-1300 AD- trade with Islamic Empires became very important • Muslims moved from the Middle East and Indonesia moved to east Africa • Swahili • Bantu-language group • City-states included Mogadishu, Pate, Mombasa, and Kilwa

  47. Great Zimbabwe • Settled by the Shona • Bantu people • One of many fortresses to protect trade • Specialized in gold mining • Great wealth and power • Declined after 1400 AD

  48. West Africa • Ruled by kingdoms that protected Saharan trade routes • Each ruled by a monarch • Gold-for-salt exchange • Ghana • Peaked around 1050 AD • Mali • Early 1300s • Timbuktu • Songhai • Emphasis on education

  49. Byzantine Empire

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