The Cold War: The United Nations

1. The Cold War: The United Nations A Presentation by Jeremy Bell

2. General Information • Headquarters • NYC • Membership • 193 member states • 2 observer states • Leadership • Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon (South Korea) • Deputy Secretary-General Jan Eliasson (Sweden) • General Assembly President John William Ashe (Antigua and Barbuda) • Security Council President Liu Jieyi (China)

3. Aims • Promote/facilitate • Cooperation in international law • International security • Economic development • Social progress • Human rights • Civil rights • Civil liberties • Political freedoms • Democracy • Lasting world peace

4. Establishment • WWII • Atomic bomb • No WWIII, please • June 26, 1945 • Ratified October 24, 1945 • Replace League of Nations • 51 member states • 6 principal organs

5. 1. General Assembly • Deliberative • Parliamentary procedure to make decisions

6. 2. Security Council Decide certain resolutions for peace and security

7. 3. Economic and Social Council Assist promoting international economic and social cooperation and development

8. 4. Secretariat Provide studies, information, and facilities needed by the UN

9. 5. International Court of Justice Primary judicial organ

10. 6. UN Trusteeship Council Inactive Trust territories

11. Cold War • Division between US & USSR paralyzed peacekeeping • Exceptions • ‘47 Palestine partition • Armistice for fighting that followed partition • ’50 US-led coalition to repel NK invasion of SK • ‘56 Suez Crisis • Failure: Hungarian revolution, then invasion by USSR • ‘60 UN Operation in the Congo • Trygve Lie ‘46-’52 • Dag Hammarskjold ‘53-’61 • U Thant ‘61-’71 • ‘64 UN Peacekeeping Force in Cyprus • Decolonization • PRC on SC • Group of 77 • Social and economic development > peacekeeping

12. International Conflicts • UN Peacekeeping Force in Cyprus • End conflict between Greeks and Turks • ‘65 Monitoring of India-Pakistan border • ‘65-’66 Mission of the Representative of the Secretary-General in the Dominican Republic • Initiated after US intervened unilaterally • Civil war between leftists and conservatives

13. Decolonization • Two Programs • ‘60 the Congo from Belgian control • Congo Crisis • ‘62-’63 Indonesia from Dutch

14. Middle East • Most visible location of UN peacemaking • ‘58 no illegal infiltration of personnel or arms across Lebanese borders (mainly from UAR) • ‘63 Yemen Observer Mission • End civil war • Egypt and Saudi Arabia • Arab-Israeli Conflict • ‘73 Suez • ‘74 Golan Heights • ‘78 Lebanon • ‘80s • Withdrawal of troops to Iraq-Iran border after 8 years of war

15. UNTSO • Truce Supervision Organization • First, 1948 • Middle East • Monitor ceasefires, supervise armistice agreements, prevent isolated incidents from escalating, assist other operations

16. UNMOGIP • Military Observer Group in India and Pakistan • Ceasefire in Jammu and Kashmir • 1949 • Ceasefire of 1971

17. UNEF I • First Emergency Force • Secure and supervise cessation of hostilities • Withdrawal of armed forces of France, Israel, and UK from Egyptian territory • Buffer between Egypt and Israel

18. ONUC Operation in the Congo 1960-1964 Withdrawal of Belgian forces Assistance in maintaining law and order Technical assistance Maintaining territorial integrity and political independence Preventing occurrence of civil war Securing removal of foreign military, paramilitary, mercenaries, and advisory personnel not of the UN

19. DOMREP Mission of the Representative of the Secretary-General in the Dominican Republic 1965-1966 Observe situation Report on breaches of ceasefire between de facto authorities in DR

20. UNSF Security Force in West New Guinea 1962 Maintain peace and security in territory under UN Temporary Executive Authority established by Indonesia-the Netherlands agreement Monitored ceasefire Helped ensure law and order during transition period

21. UNYOM Yemen Observation Mission 1963-1964 Observe and certify implementation of disengagement agreement between Saudi Arabia and Egypt

22. UNFICYP • Peacekeeping Force in Cyprus • 1964 • Prevent further fighting between Greek Cypriot and Turkish Cypriot communities • Additional functions after hostilities of 1974 • Absence of political settlement • Supervise ceasefire lines • Maintain buffer zone • Humanitarian activities • Support good offices mission of the Secretary-General

23. UNEF II Second Emergency Force 1973-1979 Supervise ceasefire between Egyptian and Israeli forces Supervise redeployment of Egyptian and Israeli forces following conclusion of agreements Man and control established buffer zones

24. UNDOF • Disengagement Observer Force • 1974 • Unstable, intense situation in Israel-Syria sector • Agreed disengagement in Golan Heights • Maintain ceasefire • Supervise implementation of disengagement

25. UNIFIL Interim Force in Lebanon 1978 Confirm Israeli withdrawal from Lebanon Restore international peace and security Assist Lebanese Government in restoring effective authority

26. References http://www.un.org/en/peacekeeping/operations/early.shtml http://www.e-ir.info/2011/06/10/the-un-during-the-cold-war-a-tool-of-superpower-influence-stymied-by-superpower-conflict/ http://www.dadalos.org/uno_int/grundkurs_2/un-entwicklung_2.htm http://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/timeline_of_united_nations_actio.htm http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/truman-signs-united-nations-charter