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Explore field research, observation, surveys, experiments, and secondary data analysis in sociology, uncovering strengths, weaknesses, and ethical considerations. Delve into observation types, ethnography, case studies, and survey research nuances, alongside the benefits and limitations of experiments and secondary data analysis. Understand the ethical dilemmas surrounding research practices, including deception, informed consent, privacy protection, and societal impacts. Uncover the intricacies of sociological research methods, balancing empirical rigor with ethical responsibilities.
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Introduction to Sociology Lecture 3 - Sociological Research Methods Phua Kai Lit, PhD ADTP Sunway University
Lecture Objectives • Introduction to research methods used by sociologists • Strengths and weaknesses of the various methods • Ethical issues
Research Methods 1. Field Research a. Observation: overt versus covert; simple observation versus participant-observation b. Ethnography (extended observation of whole community) c. Case study: In-depth study of single event or situation using archives, records, official documents, interviews etc. Can be historical. 2. Survey research (questionnaires) - open-ended versus close-ended 3. Experiments 4. Secondary data analysis 3
Observation • Observation: overt versus covert; simple observation versus participant-observation • Weaknesses: • Hawthorne Effect • Demanding and cannot study many people at one time • Loss of objectivity - become friends with research subjects
Observation • Observation: overt versus covert; simple observation versus participant-observation • Strengths: • You actually observe with your own eyes • Gain more in-depth knowledge • Observe natural behavior in everyday setting (esp. covert participant-observation)
Ethnography • Extended observation of whole community • Commonly used by anthropologists Weaknesses: • Importance of acceptance by research subjects • Personal characteristics and skills of researcher can affect research • Time-consuming Strengths: Once accepted by the community, you can gain deep insights and “insider knowledge”
Case Study • In-depth study of single event or situation using archives, records, documents, interviews etc. Can be historical). • Example - Kai Erickson's book “Everything in its Path” (natural disaster - a flood - that devastated an entire community) • Exmple - study how the family has changed Weaknesses: • Generalizability issue • Availability & reliability of records and respondents
Surveys • Questionnaires • Open-ended • Close-ended • Likert Scale • Weaknesses: • Questions must be properly prepared/worded • Must sample properly, response rate impt • Wrong use of stats tests common 8
Surveys • Questionnaires • Strengths: • Can study large number of people at a relatively low cost • Can have high predictive power • Easy to quantify and analyse using statistical methods 9
Experiments • Research question, formulation of hypotheses • Experimental Group versus Control Group • Placebo effect • Sampling • Data collection • Data analysis (including statistical analysis) • Weaknesses: • Often not possible in sociological research(human subjects) 10
Experiments • Experimental Group versus Control Group • Strengths: • Can focus on one variable at a time • Can control for possible confounding factors such as gender • Much easier for other researchers to replicate 11
Secondary data analysis • Using data collected by others (other researchers, governments, non-govt organisations, United Nations and other multilateral organizations) • Weaknesses: • Quality of data important - GIGO • Definition and operationalization of concepts and variables are important 12
Secondary data analysis • Using data collected by others (other researchers, governments, non-govt organisations, United Nations and other multilateral organizations) • Strengths: • Data can be easily available e.g. UN data, USA demographic data • Saves time and money in terms of data collection • Can do comparative studies 13
Ethical issues • Use of deception in research (especially in psychology) • Informed consent • Protection of research subjects - privacy, avoidance of harm to research subjects • Reporting criminal behavior • Any benefits to research subjects? • Conflict of interest • Government uses research finding for social control of research subjects • Commercial exploitation