NO RTW: Clear your desk off and grab your clicker from up front

1. Tuesday, September 5th NO RTW: Clear your desk off and grab your clicker from up front • Objective:I will be able to identify basic molecular structures and describe the primary functions of the four major categories of biological macromolecules, including carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. • Agenda: • Macromolecule Pretest • Macromolecule Notes pg. 23 • Amoeba Sisters- Macromolecules (4:28) • Homework:

2. Prop. of Water Lab- pg. 14 • Prop. of Water Notes- pg. 15-17 • Safety Lab- pg. 16 • Interpreting Graphs- pg. 18 • Analyzing and Interpreting Graphs- pg. 19 • GOW 1.2- pg. 20 • TOC 1.2- pg. 21 • Macromolecule Notes- pg. 23

3. Carbon atoms have unique bonding properties. • Carbon forms covalent bonds with up to four other atoms, including other carbon atoms. • Carbon-based molecules have three general types of structures. • straight chain • branched chain • ring

4. Many carbon-based molecules are made of many small subunits bonded together. • Monomers are the individual subunits. • Polymers are made of many monomers.

5. Four main types of carbon-based molecules are found in living things. • Carbohydrates are made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.

6. Four main types of carbon-based molecules are found in living things. • Carbohydrates are made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. • Carbohydrates include sugars and starches. • Monosaccharides are simple sugars. • Polysaccharides include starches, cellulose, and glycogen.

7. Polymer (starch) Starch is a polymer of glucose monomers that often has a branched structure. Polymer (cellulose) Cellulose is a polymer of glucose monomers that has a straight, rigid structure monomer • Carbohydrates can be broken down to provide energy for cells. • Some carbohydrates are part of cell structure.

8. Triglyceride • Lipids are nonpolar molecules that include fats, oils, and cholesterol. • Many contain carbon chains called fatty acids. • Fats and oils contain fatty acids bonded to glycerol.

9. Lipids have several different functions. • broken down as a source of energy • make up cell membranes • used to make hormones

10. Fats and oils have different types of fatty acids. • saturated fatty acids • unsaturated fatty acids

11. Phospholipid • Phospholipids make up all cell membranes. • Polar phosphate “head” • Nonpolar fatty acid “tails”

12. Proteins are polymers of amino acid monomers. • Twenty different amino acids are used to build proteins in organisms.

13. Proteins are polymers of amino acid monomers. • Amino acids differ in side groups, or R groups. • Twenty different amino acids are used to build proteins in organisms.

14. Proteins are polymers of amino acid monomers. • Amino acids are linked by peptide bonds. • Twenty different amino acids are used to build proteins in organisms. • Amino acids differ in side groups, or R groups.

15. hydrogen bond Hemoglobin • Proteins differ in the number and order of amino acids. • Amino acids interact to give a protein its shape. • Incorrect amino acids change a protein’s structure and function.

16. Nucleic acids are polymers of monomers called nucleotides.

17. nitrogen-containing molecule,called a base A phosphate group deoxyribose (sugar) • Nucleic acids are polymers of monomers called nucleotides. • Nucleotides are made of a sugar, phosphate group, and a nitrogen base.

18. DNA RNA • Nucleic acids are polymers of monomers called nucleotides. • DNA stores genetic information. • Nucleotides are made of a sugar, phosphate group, and a nitrogen base. • RNA builds proteins.

19. Tuesday, September 5th Pg. 22 RTW: • Objective:I will be able to identify basic molecular structures and describe the primary functions of the four major categories of biological macromolecules, including carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. • Agenda: • Amoeba Sisters- Macromolecules (4:28) • Macromolecules Chart pg. 24 • Study Guide 2.3 Macromolecules pg. 15/16 • Homework: • None

20. DO NOW! 1. How is an element different from a compound? 2. What would be the pH of a neutral solution? acidic solution? basic solution? 3. What four elements are most often found in organic compounds? 4. Covalent bonds are formed by the sharing of electrons. How many covalent bonds can a carbon atom form?

21. Carbohydrates • Chemical Composition •  Carbohydrates contain atoms of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen that • are bonded together by the sharing of electrons (covalent bonds). • Energy is stored in these bonds. •  The simplest carbohydrates are the simple sugars or • monosaccharides. The most important monosaccharide for living • things is glucose (molecular formula = C6H12O6). Nearly all living • things use glucose as a source of energy. • Please draw the structural formula for glucose in you class notes:

22. Sugars (carbohydrates) are biologically important because they contain large amounts of energy. The human body uses glucose for energy. Carbohydrates that are not immediately used by the body are stored as complex sugars known as starch. They are later broken down into simple sugars (glucose) when energy is needed. • Dietary Sources of Carbohydrates Carbohydrates (sugars) are obtained by eating vegetables, fruits, breads, cereals, rice, pasta, and sweets. Roughage, such as cellulose, is a special type of complex carbohydrate that cannot be digested by humans. • Carbohydrate Storage Unused carbohydrates are stored in the liver as a complex carbohydrate called glycogen.

23. Check Your Understanding 1. READ pages 55-56 “Monosaccharides, Disaccharides, & Polysaccharides” 2. What do the prefixes mono, di, and poly mean? (form your own definitions or see pages 1074 – 1075) 3. Compare the structure of monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides.

24. RTW pg. 22 1. What is the molecular formula for glucose? C6H12O6 2. Which of the following is made up of simple sugars. a candy bar or a serving of pasta? candy bar 3. Which do you think will give you energy quicker? candy bar 4. Does this energy last long? Explain… No!

25. Lipids • Lipids include fats, oils, and waxes. • Chemical Composition •  Lipids consist mainly of carbon and hydrogen, held • together by covalent bonds. •  Lipids (fats) are formed from the combination of three • fatty acidsand a glycerol molecule through a process • known as dehydration synthesis. This is also known as • a condensation reaction. • 2. Functions of Lipids •  Reserve energy supply: lipids can supply about twice as • much energy as the same amount of carbohydrate. •  Lipids make up cell structures, especially the cell membrane. •  Mammals store fats under the skin to cushion and protect • the body as well as insulate against heat loss.

26. Draw and label the following lipid (triglyceride) in your notes:

27. 3. Saturated and Unsaturated Fats  Saturated fatsare made with fatty acids that contain only single bonds between the carbon atoms (C—C).  Unsaturated fatshave one or more pairs of carbon atoms in the fatty acid molecule that are joined by a double (C=C) or triple bond.  Cholesterol is a necessary compound found in animals that can cause heart problems when in excess. A diet high in saturated fats is associated with high cholesterol levels in humans.

28. Check Your Understanding 1. READ pages 59-60 “Lipids” 2. Describe how the three major types of lipids – triglycerides, phospholipids, and waxes, differ in structure from one another. 3. Give examples of saturated fats and unsaturated fats. Which type is healthier to include in your diet? 4. Why do phospholipids arrange in a bilayer when in a watery environment such as a cell?

29. RTW 1. Before a long race, runners often “carbo load.” This means that they eat substantial quantities of carbohydrates. How might this help their performance? 2. Lipids are formed from the combination of __________ and __________. 3. Name two functions of lipids in the human body. 4. Complete the following sentence: “Lipids can supply about _____ as much _____ as the same amount of carbohydrates.” 5. Complete the following sentence: “A diet high in saturated fats is associated with __________ __________ levels in humans.

30. Proteins • Chemical Composition •  Proteins contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen. •  Amino acids are the structural units of proteins. • An amino acid consists of a central carbon atom (C) covalently • bonded to a carboxyl group(COOH), an amino group (NH2), • a single hydrogen atom (H), and a side chain. • *The side chain is different for each amino acid. Central Carbon

31. Essential Amino Acids •  Twenty essential amino acidsare needed by the cells of the • human body to make the proteins that build, maintain, and • repair tissue. •  Examples: • (1) Glycine is the simplest amino acid. • The side chain for glycine is H. • (2) Alanine is an amino acid with a CH3 group for a side chain. Glycine Alanine

32. Functions of Proteins •  Structural parts of cells and tissues, such as membranes, • organelles, hair, and nails •  Pigments in the blood, skin, and eyes •  Hormones (chemical messengers) •  Contractile material of muscle tissues •  Antibodies that protect the body against foreign substances •  Enzymes that enable complex chemical reactions to take place • in the body

33. Thursday, September 7th • Objective:I will be able to identify basic molecular structures and describe the primary functions of the four major categories of biological macromolecules, including carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. • Agenda: • Study Guide 2.3 pg. 15-16 • Vocab Packet • Homework: • Finish vocab packet