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Introduction to the Physics Echocardiography

Introduction to the Physics Echocardiography . Jose L. Rivera, M.D. January 9, 2010. © 2010 JLRivera. The Basic Physics. Image Generation: The Physics of Ultrasound Doppler Imaging Modalities & Measurement of Blood Velocities Use of Calculus to manipulate ultrasound Doppler information.

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Introduction to the Physics Echocardiography

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  1. Introduction to the Physics Echocardiography Jose L. Rivera, M.D. January 9, 2010 © 2010 JLRivera

  2. The Basic Physics • Image Generation: The Physics of Ultrasound Doppler Imaging Modalities & Measurement of Blood Velocities • Use of Calculus to manipulate ultrasound Doppler information

  3. Objectives • Explain how the various modes of ultrasound image are generated • Define the basic physics and calculus concepts used in medical ultrasound imaging

  4. Objectives • Discuss the utility and applications of Doppler color flows imaging. • Explain the difference between Pulsed Doppler and Continuous Doppler and their applications

  5. Physics of Echocardiography Brief Review of Echocardiography Physics to: Understand the generation, propagation and detection of Ultrasounds Waves Explain how the physical principles affect our measurements and images Appreciate the strengths and limitations of the technology

  6. THE BASIC PHYSICS • ULTRASOUND WAVES IN A FLUID BEHAVE LIKE ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES IN A VACUUM • THEIR ENERGY SOURCE ORIGINATES FROM ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES & THEY RETAIN SOME OF THOSE WAVE PROPERTIES • THEIR PROPERTIES CAN BE ANALYZED WITH BASIC CALCULUS (Integral & Differential)

  7. The following diagrams on the following slides were obtained from Sidebotham’s “PerioperativeTransesophageal Echocardiography

  8. Piezoelectric Effect

  9. Piezoelectric effect results inCompression & Rarefaction: The Shockwave

  10. Damping Material is used to “ring down” the Pulse Length & Bandwidth which results in improved resolution

  11. Ultrasound Interactions with Tissue Interfaces Arrow represent Vectors whose length equal the strength & direction of the reflected signal A and B represent specular (mirror like) reflectors, the B return signal does not return to the transducer C and D have a rough surface that is typical of human tissue E are objects smaller than a wavelength & therefore scatter the energy

  12. Interactions of Ultrasound Waves with Tissue The interactions will determine the types of images & artifacts that are generated

  13. Reflection, Attenuation & Time Gain Conpensation Settings

  14. Transducer Frequency & Wavelength affect Resolution & Penetration

  15. TRANSDUCERSDESIGN • Piezoelectric Principle is universal • Linear Array Nerve Block probe • Mechanical Sector Scan old Site Rite • Phase Array Design • 3D probes

  16. Mechanical Sector Scan

  17. PHASE ARRAY TRANSDUCERGenerating the Summation Wave front

  18. Steering the Phase Array Summation Wave Front

  19. 3D probes

  20. Types of Ultrasound “Formats” • A mode (amplitude) • B mode (brightness) Most common • M mode (motion) • DopplerPulse WaveContinuous WaveColor Flow • 3D

  21. A Mode (amplitude) B Mode (2D) M Mode (motion)

  22. 3D Format • Fig 3.48 video.avi

  23. SUMMARY • Understanding Echocardiography Physics will enhance our understanding of: • The physical principles that affect our measurements and images • Knowing when to believe or doubt our results • The strengths and limitations of the technology

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