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Explore Jefferson's policies on nation-building, cost-cutting, and his judicial legacy, including the landmark Marbury vs. Madison case and its impact on judicial review.
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Jefferson’s Policies • Jefferson Had strong ideas on how to make the U.S. a success. • He believed its strength was in its independent farmers. • As long as most people owned property, they would fight to protect it and preserve the Republic.
Jefferson’s Policies • Jefferson favored expanding the nation westward to acquire new land. • He believed government should be small. • He distrusted standing armies & wanted to reduce the size of the military.
Jefferson’s Cabinet • Jefferson surrounded himself with men who shared his political ideas. • Secretary of State- James Madison • Secretary of the Treasury- Albert Gallatin
Jefferson’s Cabinet • Secretary of War- Henry Dearborne • Attorney general- Levi lincoln • Secretary of the Navy- Benjamin Stoddert. • The new government would end 2 unpopular Federalists measures: • The Alien & Sedition Act • The Naturalization Act
Cutting Costs • Jefferson & Gallatin aimed to reduce the debt left by the Federalists. • They cut the army by 1/3 • Reduced the Navy from 25 ships to 7 ships.
Cutting Costs • They persuaded Congress to cut all Federal internal taxes, included the hated Whiskey Tax. • Taxes would only come from custom duties- taxes on imported goods.
Cutting Costs • Jefferson thought the national government should be limited to delivering mail, collecting custom duties, and conducting a census every 10 years.
Jefferson & the Courts • Bitter feelings between Federalists and Republicans continues in Jefferson’s administration. • Much came from fights over the Federal Courts.
Jefferson & the Courts • Before Jefferson took office the Federalists past the Judiciary Act of 1801. • The act set up regional courts with 16 judges & many other officials.
Jefferson & the Courts • In Adams last days of his presidency he appointed hundreds to these newly created positions and the Federalist controlled Congress approved them.
Jefferson & the Courts • Adams also asked John Marshal, then Secretary of State, to serve as Chief Justice of the Supreme Court. • By these actions, this shut Jefferson out of the appointment process. • It ensured the Federalists would control the Courts.
Jefferson & the Courts • Adams & Marshal worked around the clock in the final hours processing these appointments. • The appointments could not take effect until the last minute papers had been delivered.
Jefferson & the Courts • When Jefferson took office, a few of the papers had not been delivered. • He told sec. of State Madison not to deliver them. • One commission was delivered to William Marbury.
Marbury vs Madison • To force delivery of his commission, Marbury took his case directly to the Supreme Court. • Marbury claimed the SCOTUS had jurisdiction as a result of the Judiciary Act of 1789.
Marbury vs Madison • Justice John Marshall wrote an opinion turning down Marbury’s claim. • He noted that the constitution did not give the SCOTUS jurisdiction to decide the Marbury case.
Marbury vs Madison • This case sets 3 principles of Judicial Review • Constitution is the Supreme Law of the Land • Conflicts btx other laws & the constitution, the constitution must be followed • Judicial branch has the duty to uphold the constitution; it must be able to determine when federal law conflicts with the constitution • 5 Oct
McCulloch v Maryland • (1819) the court held that the elastic clause allows congress to do more than what the constitution expressly authorized congress to do.
Gideon v Ogden • The court held that federal law takes precedence over state law in interstate transportation • PG 624
