Jeffersonian Presidency

1. Jeffersonian Presidency What was the political party of Thomas Jefferson?

2. Thomas Jefferson • From Virginia • Public Office: • Governor of Virginia • Sec. of State • Vice President • Believed in strong state governments • They can respond faster than federal government • Believed farmers were the backbone of America • Cities would corrupt the country…like Europe

3. Undoing Adams’ & Hamilton • What actions of John Adams & Alexander Hamilton did Thomas Jefferson object to?? • Alexander Hamilton had increased America’s federal debt • Believed this would strengthen the government • Jefferson: This just helps the rich, urban people & requires taxes on who?? • Cuts taxes and reduces government spending • Adams had passed the Alien & Sedition Act • Hurts America’s great freedoms • Permits these to expire • Wants America to return to small government and localized freedoms

4. Packing the Court • Adams & Federalists voted out of White House & Congress • What is left?? • Adams signs Judiciary Act of 1801 • Creates NEW judge positions • What will Adams do? • Adams appoints all Federalist judges

5. Marbury vs. Madison • Chief Justice John Marshall is Federalist • Wants Supreme Court to be strong • William Marbury is to be appointed Justice of Peace • Jefferson & James Madison refuse to appoint him • Case goes to Supreme Court • Marbury vs. Madison • Chief Justice Marshall says Judiciary Act is unconstitutional • Marbury/Federalists upset… • Marshall has said Supreme Court has right to Judicial Review and can overturn Presidential & Congressional decisions

7. Louisiana Purchase • French in control of massive land to West of US • Including port of New Orleans • 1803: Jefferson sends envoys to France to buy New Orleans • Napoleon is about to begin new wars against England, Austria, Prussia and other countries and needs $$$ • Offers ALL of Louisiana territory for $15 million • Jefferson worries he oversteps Presidential powers but will not pass up offer • 1804 Lewis & Clark Expedition will explore territory, document findings, find new passages, etc

8. Foreign Challenges of the Jefferson Presidency What success did Jefferson enjoy at home?

9. Barbary Pirates • Jefferson’s first term has peace with Europe • Arab rulers in North African Barbary States demand bribes to protect American ships • Jefferson sends US Navy to punish pirates • Has to raise taxes on imports • What is this called?

10. First term successes of Jefferson • Peace with Europe • Louisiana territory acquired • Ohio became state • Mississippi & Indiana become territories • Punished Barbary Pirates • Paid down debt by $25 million • Increased trade with Europe • 1804: Re-elected in landslide

11. Growing problems in Europe • What conflict is still taking place in Europe? • How might this impact America? • Napoleon controls continent of Europe • Will not allow any country to trade with England • England controls the oceans • Will not allow any country to trade with France • American shipping was HUGE businesses • Lumber & Fish from north • Rice & Cotton from south • Wheat & grain from west • English sailors desert English navy and join USA merchants

12. Chesapeake Affair • June 1807: US ship Chesapeake leaves Virginia • British ship stops Chesapeake and demands to search ship for deserting Englishmen • US Captain refuses and England fires on ship, killing 3 men, wound 18 • England boards ship • 4 “deserters” are taken prisoner and Chesapeake returns to Virginia • England will continue to push 6,000 Americans into their navy • What is this called??? • Impressment

13. A Failed Embargo • England refuses to apologize • Jefferson believes England & France need our trade too much to fight • Jefferson bans all trade with Europe • Embargo hurts American trade and NOT Europe • Businessmen and farmers HATE embargo

14. War of 1812 What was the main cause of America going to war with England? How did Jefferson first try to deal with England/Europe?

15. Causes of the War of 1812 • Impressment • England searching for ex-Navy takes American citizens • Chesapeake Affair • England fires upon and boards US boat taking prisoners • Nationalism • Indian Aggression • Real or imagined??

16. Battle of Tippecanoe • Westward Expansion typically involved BUYING Indian lands • Tecumseh of the Shawnee Indians organizes all Indians from Canada to Florida to oppose selling anymore land • William Henry Harrison, governor of Indiana buys 3 million from other Indians • Tecumseh says “give back lands, no more going west and I will help you fight English” • Harrison refuses, attacks Tippecanoe and burns village • Indians go on warpath • Americans convinced English are helping • English sort of were helping but did NOT want war

17. What do you think will happen next?

18. Congress Declares War • Country divided on going to war • South & West want war for land and protection • Northeast want peace to continue trading and business • Congress passes declaration of war • Convinced it will be easy and doesn’t raises taxes

19. Ready to fight? • American army is 7,000 strong • 400,000 militia will need to be called up • Weaknesses still exist • American Navy has 16 ships • Britain has 8,500 • England has 97 ships

20. America goes to war The Conclusion of War of 1812 • America is unprepared for war and suffers major defeats in the West • Some victories take place, mainly on sea • Madison will win a second term • What was the “First Battle” of the War of 1812? What American was the leader of this fight?