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The problem of obesity in perspective: Dealing with the modern food world

The problem of obesity in perspective: Dealing with the modern food world. Paul Rozin Buenos Aires September, 2014:. Definition . BMI = weight (kg)/height (m) 2 Obesity BMI >= 30 Overweight BMI >=25, <30. Patagonia 69,853 kg 40 m BMI 43.7. Obesity in perspective.

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The problem of obesity in perspective: Dealing with the modern food world

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  1. The problem of obesity in perspective: Dealing with the modern food world Paul Rozin Buenos Aires September, 2014:

  2. Definition • BMI = weight (kg)/height (m) 2 • Obesity BMI >= 30 • Overweight BMI >=25, <30

  3. Patagonia 69,853 kg 40 m BMI 43.7

  4. Obesity in perspective • The risk: overweight and obesity

  5. Flegal et al., 2005Main Outcome Measures Number of excess deaths in 2000 associated with given BMI levels

  6. The obesity “epidemic” 1.4 pounds gained/year in USA over last 20 years

  7. http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/news/testimony/obesity07162003.htmhttp://www.surgeongeneral.gov/news/testimony/obesity07162003.htm Statement of Richard H. Carmona, M.D., M.P.H., F.A.C.S.Surgeon GeneralU.S. Public Health ServiceWednesday, July 16, 2003 • “Nearly two out of every three Americans are overweight or obese. • “One out of every eight deaths in America is caused by an illness directly related to overweight and obesity. “But the fact is that we have an epidemic of childhood obesity. “

  8. Epidemic versus “Slow crawl”

  9. Food industry Media Medical research Govern- ment Public

  10. Obesity and Malnutrition

  11. World obesity 2010 • http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs311/en/ • In the world, over 200 million men and nearly 300 million women are obese

  12. World Obesity (CIA, 2008)Obesity BMI>=30 as % of all adults • https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2228rank.html • 1. American Samoa 74.6% • 18. USA 33.0% • 23. Mexico 32.1% • 29. Argentina 29.7% • 102. Brazil 18.8% • 108. France 18.2% • 157. Japan 5.0% • 184. India 1.9%

  13. Obesity in USA over time

  14. Obesity in USA 2009-2012

  15. Kwashiorkor: protein deficiency Marasmus: energy deficiency

  16. World Malnutrition • http://www.wfp.org/hunger/stats • Hunger kills more people every year than AIDS, malaria and tuberculosis combined • 842,000,000 don’t get enough to eat in world • Poor nutrition causes nearly half (45%) of deaths in children under five - 3.1 million children each year.

  17. The Paleolithic human in the modern, developed world • Old heuristics, e.g., “the image equals the object”

  18. Late 20th Century developed world • Epidemiological revolution: longer life and death from degenerative diseases: shift to long-term consequences • food surplus • extraordinary range of food choices • development of super-foods (e.g. chocolate) • no work needed to attain choices • Old heuristics not applicable: bias to eating • massive amounts of risk information • no training in dealing with risks/benefits or nutrition

  19. The developed world • Western Europe vs India • 60% of all people live in Asia • 50% of total expenditures on food in developing world

  20. Rating scale • 1. strongly disagree • 2. disagree • 3. neither agree nor disagree • 4. agree • 5. strongly agree

  21. Eating is a religious experience; My diet must adhere to strict moral/religious principles Mean Agreement

  22. The combination of health and beauty norms

  23. “Concerned about being overweight” • % responding “often“ or “almost always” • 57% females, 21% males • US college students from 6 universities across the country Rozin, Bauer & Catanese, 2003

  24. “I am embarrassed to buy a chocolate bar in the store” • American college students from six campuses across the USA • % Females: 13.5 • % Males: 4

  25. Cultural solutions France With Claude Fischler

  26. Obesity:France vs USA % BMI >= 30 France: 16% USA: 32% 2008 http://www.who.int/gho/countries

  27. Life expectancy at birth(data from 2008-2010: www.who.int/gho/countries)

  28. Age-standardized annual mortality from CHD and related risk factors(males 35-64)WHO/MONICA Renaud & de Logeril, 1992

  29. Percent of subjects preferring a week at a luxury (vs. gourmet) hotel at same price

  30. Percent of subjects selecting “unhealthy” for choice:What do you think of when you think of HEAVY CREAM?: whipped or unhealthy

  31. Percent of subjects agreeing that they eat a “healthy diet”

  32. Attitudes regarding food and meat among American, French, Argentinean and Brazilian college students • Marle S. Alvarenga • Paul Rozin • Matthew B. Ruby • Guillermina Rutszein • Eve Richter • Teri Kirby

  33. If there was an inexpensive pill to safely satisfy nutritional needs and hunger without having to eat, I would take it

  34. Enjoying food is one of the most important pleasures in my life

  35. In general, I am more concerned with the caloric content of food than the taste

  36. Eating alone does not bother me

  37. Argentina PI C Brazil P I C France P I C USA P I C C=current I= ideal P=peer ideal

  38. Argentina PI C ?? Brazil ICP France CPI USA ICP C=current I= ideal P=peer ideal

  39. Beef consumption by country (2007 or 2008): kg/capita/year • France 13.3 • USA 28.5 • Brazil 37.6 • Argentina 71.8

  40. Liking for beef (-100 to +100) Mean Liking

  41. Free Assoc to BEEF: most common words

  42. Sample free associations to “beef” USA (with valence)

  43. Valence of 3 beef free associations (-3 to +3) Valence

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