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Reading FocusWhat new kingdoms arose in Europe, and how did they become Christian?What characteristics defined Christian European society?What roles did monks and monasteries play in European religion and society?. Main Idea The spread of Christianity, largely through the work of missionaries and monks, helped unify western Europe after the collapse of the Roman Empire..

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Reading FocusHow did independence come to French North Africa?What events led to the creation of Israel?How did nationalism cause changes in Egypt and Iran?. Main IdeaThe rise of nationalism in North Africa and the Middle East led to independence for some countries and to conflicts with the West..

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Reading Focus What was the state of Catholicism in the 1400s?How did Martin Luther challenge the Catholic Church?How did Protestantism spread to other areas?What were the effects of the Reformation in England?. Main Idea Criticism of the Roman Catholic Church led to a religious movement called the Protestant Reformation and brought changes in religion and politics across Europe..

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Reading FocusWhat political challenges did Africans face after independence?What economic and environmental challenges did Africans face after independence?How did Africans revive their culture after independence?. Main IdeaNewly independent African nations struggled with poverty, conflict and ineffective governments. In recent years, some countries sought better government by holding democratic elections..

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Preview, continuedThe Costs of the WarQuick Facts: Effects of World War IVisual Study Guide / Quick FactsVideo: The Impact of Modern Warfare. The War Ends. Reading FocusWhy did the United States enter the war?What events led to the end of the fighting?What issues made the peace process difficult?What were the costs of the war?.

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Reading Focus What features characterized Chinese society in the Han period?How did trade and the spread of Buddhism affect Han society?What were some achievements in art, science, and technology during the Han period?. Main Idea The Han dynasty was a time of social change, the growth of trade, and great achievements in the arts and sciences..

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Reading FocusWhat were the key characteristics of the feudal warrior society in Japan?How did the Tokugawa Shogunate rule Japan, and in what ways did the culture flourish during the period?How did the Choson dynasty shape events in medieval Korea?. Main IdeaDuring the medieval period, a feudal warrior society developed in Japan, while Korea's rulers endured invasion and turned to isolation..

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Reading FocusHow did the Renaissance spread to northern Europe?What contributions did writers and philosophers make to the northern Renaissance?How did the works of northern artists differ from those of the Italian Renaissance?. Main IdeaRenaissance ideas soon spread beyond Italy to northern Europe by means of trade, travel, and printed material, influencing the art and ideas of the north..

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Reading FocusWhat problems did leaders face in the late Roman Republic?How did Rome become an empire?What helped tie the Roman empire together during the Pax Romana?. Main IdeaGovernmental and social problems led to the end of the Roman Republic and the creation of a new form of government.. From Republic to Empire.

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Reading FocusHow did Benito Mussolini rule Italy?How did Joseph Stalin rule the Soviet Union?How did Adolph Hitler rule Germany?. Main Idea The political and social unrest that followed World War I helped totalitarian dictators rise to power in Europe.. Dictators in Europe. After World War I, new ideas about government power promoted by Benito Mussolini led to drastic change in the Italian government. .

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Reading FocusHow did Japan change during the postwar years?How did the nations of the Pacific Rim change after World War II?How did the Asian Tigers develop?. Main IdeaThe nations of the Asian Pacific Rim underwent remarkable economic growth in the years after World War II, but significant challenges remain..

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Reading FocusHow did life change under dictatorships in Argentina?What changes occurred during the dictatorship in Brazil?What was life like in Chile during Pinochet's dictatorship?How did dictatorships affect life in other countries?. Main IdeaSpiraling economic and social problems and political turmoil in Latin America led military leaders to seize power and install repressive regimes..

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Reading FocusHow did independence come to Southeast Asia?What were the main causes of the Vietnam War?How has Southeast Asia changed in recent decades?. Main IdeaLong under colonial domination, many Southeast Asian nations achieved independence in the postwar years. The transition, however, was not always a smooth one..

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Reading FocusWhat features defined Indian society and trade during the Gupta period?What were major cultural and scientific achievements of the Gupta golden age?. Main IdeaThe strength, prosperity, and stability of the Gupta Empire helped lead to a golden age in Indian society, trade, and culture..

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Reading FocusWhich cities saw the initial growth of trade in the Middle Ages?What led to the growth of towns and cities in the Middle Ages?What was daily life like in medieval cities?. Main Idea Towns and cities grew during the high Middle Ages as the amount of trade increased between Europe and other continents..

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Reading Focus What were some of the causes of change and crisis in the American colonies?How was the struggle for independence affected by Enlightenment concepts?How did American colonists form a new government?. Main IdeaEnlightenment ideas led to revolution, independence, and a new government

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Reading Focus What changes did the radical government make in French society and politics?What was the Reign of Terror, and how did it end?. Main Idea An extreme government changed French society and tried through harsh means to eliminate its critics within France.. The Republic. In 1792, the rad

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Preview, continuedMonarchy and Conflict in Central EuropeMap: Central EuropeVisual Study Guide / Quick FactsVideo: The Impact of Spain's Golden Century . Rulers of Russia and Central Europe. Reading FocusHow did Ivan IV strengthen the Russian monarchy?What reforms did Peter the Great make in R

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Preview, continuedEmpire of SonghaiQuick Facts: Trading Empires of West AfricaOther West African StatesVisual Study Guide / Quick FactsVideo: The Impact of the Salt Trade. The Kingdoms of West Africa. Reading FocusHow did trade contribute to the rise of Ghana?How did strong rulers build the e

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Reading Focus What are the major events in the history of the early Hebrews?How did the Kingdom of Israel develop and who were some of its key leaders?What are the basic teachings and sacred texts of Judaism?. Main Idea The ancient Hebrews and their religion, Judaism, have been a major influence

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Reading FocusHow did Spain rule its empire in the Americas?What were the major features of Spanish colonial society and culture?How did Portugal and other European nations challenge Spanish power?. Main IdeaA flood of settlers and missionaries followed the conquistadors to the new empires in the

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