9 Grammar Parts of Speech

1. 9 GrammarParts of Speech review

2. Part of Speech There are 8 Parts of Speech Many words change from one part of speech to another as their meaning and function change from one sentence to another The way a word is used in a sentence determines what part of speech it is

3. Noun Noun - names a person, place, thing Our visit to the Grand Canyon delighted Rosa. Our visit to the Grand Canyon delighted Rosa.

4. Noun Person – Bob, girl, swimmer, Ms. Yang Place – kitchen, St. James Street, canyon, Pennsylvania Thing: Visible things – duck, daffodil, desk Ideas – capitalism, recession, freedom Actions – competition, exercise, labor Conditions – joy, health, happiness Qualities – compassion, intelligence, drive

5. Common & Proper Nouns • Common noun – names any person, place, or thing • soldier, valley • Proper noun – names a specific person, place, or thing • General Patton, Death Valley

6. Concrete & Abstract Nouns • Concrete noun – names something you can see, touch, taste, hear, or smell • mother, fabric, chocolate, music, perfume • Abstract noun – names something you cannot perceive through your five senses • hope, improvement, evil, desperation, cooperation

7. Collective Nouns • Collective noun - names groups of persons or things • army, choir, class, faculty, crew, company • They can be either singular or plural depending on how they are used • A collective noun takes a singular verb when the group it names acts as a single unit • The jury has reached a decision. • A collective noun takes a plural verb when the group it names acts as individuals with different points of view • The jury have been unable to reach a decision.

8. Compound Nouns • Compound noun - a noun that is made up of two or more words acting as a single unit • Separated – life preserver, coffee table • Hyphenated – jack-’o-lantern, daughter-in-law • Combined – scrollwork , dreamland

9. Pronoun Pronoun - used in place of a noun We told John that he could pick the movie. We told John that he could pick the movie. *In writing, they are used to avoid the awkward repetition of nouns

10. Pronoun Antecedent – the noun or noun phrase for which the pronoun stands

11. Personal Pronouns Singular Plural • First Person • I, me, my, mine • Second Person • you, your, yours • Third Person • he, him, his, she, her, hers, it, its • First Person • we, us, our, ours • Second Person • you, your, yours • Third Person • they, them, their, theirs

12. Reflexive & Intensive Pronouns Singular Plural • First Person • myself • Second Person • yourself • Third Person • himself, herself, itself • First Person • ourselves • Second Person • yourselves • Third Person • themselves

13. Demonstrative Pronouns Singular Plural this, that these, those

14. Relative Pronouns Relative pronoun – begins a subordinate clause and connects it to another idea in the sentence that, which, who, whom, whose We will go to the store that advertised a sale.

15. Interrogative Pronouns Interrogative pronoun – used to begin a question what, which, who, whom, whose Who knocked on the door?

16. Indefinite Pronouns Indefinite pronoun – refer to people, places, or things, often without specifying which ones

17. Indefinite Pronouns Singular Plural another, anybody, anyone, anything, each, either, everybody, everyone, everything, little, much, neither, nobody, no one both, few, many, others, several Singular and Plural all, any, more, most, none, some

18. Verb • Verb - a word or group of words that expresses time while showing an action, a condition, or the fact that something exists • Action – The tires screeched. • Condition – Our apricots tasted sweet. • Existence – The monkey should be in the next cage.

19. Action Verb • Action verb – a verb that tells what action someone or something is performing. • The tires screeched.

20. Linking Verb • Linking verb – a verb that connects its subject with a word generally found near the end of the sentence; expresses condition or existence • The monkey should be in the next cage. • Mr. Potts is our neighbor.

21. Linking Verbs - Be am are is was were am being are being is being was being were being can be could be may be might be must be shall be should be will be would be have been has been had been could have been may have been might have been must have been should have been will have been would have been

22. Other Linking Verbs appear become feel grow look remain seem smell sound stay taste turn *In writing, linking verbs are usually considered weak. Use strong verbs!

23. Adjective Adjective - modifies a noun or pronoun; tells what kind, which one, how many or how much Those three apples are an unusual color. Thosethree apples are an unusual color.

24. Adjectives - Articles • Indefinite article – refers to any noun • a, an • Definite article – refers to a specific noun • the

25. Proper & Common Adjectives • Proper • Victorian literature • Common • coldblooded animals

26. Compound Adjectives Separated – South American birds Hyphenated – long-term commitment Combined – coldblooded animals

27. Other Parts of Speech as Adjectives • Nouns • potato soup, party hat • the Roosevelt era, a Maine Lobster • Pronouns • Possessive – his beard • Demonstrative – that test • Interrogative – which job • Indefinite – another chance

28. Other Parts of Speech as Adjectives • Verbs – usually end in –ing or –ed • rippling water, washed clothes

29. Adverb • Adverb - modifies a verb, adjective, or adverb; tells where, when, in what manner, or to what extent • Verb • The balloon floated up. (where?) • Now I will go. (when?) • The evening quickly passed. (in what manner?) • She did not warn me. (to what extent?) • Adjective • I am extremely hungry. (to what extent?) • Adverb • He drives rather carefully. (to what extent?)

30. Nouns as Adverbs We raced home. (raced where?) I saw them yesterday. (saw when?)

31. Adverb or Adjective? The train arrived early? She took the early train to work. The principal’s slow approval of the program was detrimental to reading progress. The principal slowly approved each piece of the program. a lonely house, a ghostly smile

32. Preposition • Preposition - shows the relationship between a noun or pronoun and another word in a sentence • relationships may involve location, direction, cause, or possession • must appear in a prepositional phrase with an object of the preposition • Near our house, the carnival was in full swing. • Near our house, the carnival was in full swing.

33. Prepositional Phrase Behindher Behind the seat Behind her newly upholstered car seat

34. Preposition or Adverb? Preposition – The ball rolled down the steps. Adverb – The child fell down.

35. Conjunction Conjunction - connects words or groups of words Both you and I will go because they need more people. Both you and I will go because they need more people.

36. Coordinating Conjunctions • Coordinating conjunctions - connect similar parts of speech and groups of words that are grammatically alike • For Or • And Yet • Nor So • But

37. Coordinating Conjunctions • With nouns and pronouns • Her friendsandshe went sailing. • With verbs • The waves thunderedandpounded the shore. • With adjectives • The dog’s fur is soft, silky, andclean. • With adverbs • The carpenter works quickly, butefficiently. • With prepositional phrases • Turn to the left orto the right. • With subordinate ideas • She could not read, yet she played the piano beautifully. • With complete ideas • They went swimming, for it was very hot.

38. Correlative Conjunctions • Correlative conjunctions are paired conjunctions that link balanced words, phrases, and clauses • Either … or • Neither … nor • Both … and • Not only … but also • Just as … so • The more … the less • The more … the more

39. Subordinate Conjunctions • Subordinate conjunctions – join two complete ideas by making one of the ideas subordinate (dependent) • Although she could not read music, she played the piano beautifully.

40. Subordinate Conjunctions After Although As As far as As if As long as As much as As soon as As though Because Before Even if Even though How If Inasmuch as In order that Just as Lest now that Once Provided Provided that Since So that Than That Though Till Unless Until What Whatever When Whenever Where Wherever Whereas Whereby Whether Which While Who Whom

41. Conjunctive Adverbs • Conjunctive adverbs - adverbs used as conjunctions to connect complete ideas. • They can follow a semicolon to give added meaning to a compound sentence. • They are often used as transitions, creating bridges between different ideas by showing comparisons, contrasts, results, etc. • She could not read music; however, she played the piano beautifully.

42. Conjunctive Adverbs Accordingly Afterward Again Also Anyhow As a result At the time Besides Consequently Conversely Finally For example For instance Furthermore However In addition In fact Indeed Instead Last Later Likewise Meanwhile Moreover Nevertheless Next Now On the other hand Otherwise Similarly Soon Still Sure Then Thereafter Therefore Thus Too

43. Interjection Interjection - word or phrase that expresses a feeling Hey, give me that! Hey, give me that!

44. Some Interjections ah aha alas dear goodness gracious hey hurray oh ouch well whew wow