From Revival to Reform

1. From Revival to Reform Reform Groups in the early 1800’s

2. Second Great Awakening 2nd Great Awakening-a revival of religious faith in the early 1800’s • Camp Meetings –open-air religious gatherings • Circuit Riders (preachers)–traveled from place to place over a regular route to preach their sermons • 2nd Great Awakening gave people a spirit of reform 3 types of religious reforms: selves society morals - Led to class/ethnic tensions

3. Alchohol Reform • Temperance Movement-a crusade against the excessive use of alcoholic beverages. • In 1826, The American Temperance Society was created by a group of ministers. • Goal- to encourage people not to drink hard liquor such as brandy, gin , rum and whiskey. • Huge success, the consumption of alcohol dropped by 50% during the 1830’s • Pressured states to enact prohibition laws

4. Education Reform • Horace Mann become the voice of Education Reform in America. • Reformers believed that children needed to: Read, Write and Develop moral character • Massachusetts was the 1st to incorporate education reform in their state • Normal school- a college for training teachers • 1821, 1st public high school est. in Boston

5. Education Reform • By 1850’s, most states in the North had state-supported elementary schools. • In 1800’s some states provided public education for free black students (segregated) • A few colleges accepted limited numbers of black students ex. Harvard, Oberlin College in Ohio

6. People in Need (Prison Reform and Mentally Institutions) • Dorothea Dix – Led to the founding of 32 hospitals for the mentally insane. • Also leader in prison reform • Reformers called for humane prisons for adults with the goal of rehabilitating prisoners. (law abiding citizens) • Thomas Gallaudet started the first school for deaf children. • Samuel Gridley Howe found the Perkins Institute for the Blind in Boston

7. Utopian Societies • Some reformers withdrew from society to form ideal communities (utopias). • Shakers- people are equal; share in all aspects of life - followed strict schedules - hard workers - did not believe in marriage or bearing children • New Harmony- joint ownership of property and economic reform • Brook Farm-members rejected city life, valued equality and personal responsibility

8. Utopian Societies

9. Aboltionist Movement • A group of reformers called abolitionists sought to abolish, or put an end to, slavery. • William Lloyd Garrison - well known abolitionist - founded the Liberator” • Fredrick Douglass - former slave - became an effective abolitionist - attacked injustices of free blacks - published the North Star

10. Aboltionist Movement • Sojourner Truth • First African American women to speak publicly against slavery. - Active in women’s movement • Sarah and Angelina Grimke • Southern abolitionists • Spoke against slavery at lyceums and thus become the first respectable” women to speak in public

11. Underground Railroad • Underground Railroad-a secret network of routes leading fugitive slaves to freedom in the North. • The most famous conductor was a slave who escaped to freedom herself, Harriet Tubman • Tubman risked life and freedom 19 times to help 300 slaves gain freedom

12. The Call for Women's Rights • In the 1800’s women could not vote, sit on juries or hold public office • Married Women- treated as children -husband controlled wages -husband controlled property -husbands could punish his wife • Single women had greater freedom and could manage their own property

13. Seneca Falls Convention • In 1848 Lucretia Mott and Elizabeth Cady Stanton called for meeting at Seneca Falls, NY. • Stanton delivered a speech, Declaration of Sentiments and Resolutions modeled on the Declaration of Independence. • The women’s document declared: “We hold these truths to be self evident that all men and women are created equal.” • The most controversial resolution concerned women’s suffrage

14. Women's Rights Movment • The Seneca Falls Convention paved the way for the growth of the women’s rights movement. • Susan B. Anthony was a Quaker who worked for women’s rights and temperance. • Anthony called for : -equal pay for women -college training for girls -coeducation - Shorter work day