U.S. Presidents 1952-1976: Eisenhower to Carter

1. U.S. Presidents 1952-2007

2. Living Presidents

3. Cold War Presidents 1952-1980

4. President Eisenhower • 1952-1960 • Republican • Commander of the Allied forces in World War II

5. Domestic Policies • Eisenhower attempts to cut back on Federal government size and spending • Eisenhower prosperity and consumer spending

6. Baby Boom • Baby Boom - Population explosion occurred after the war - 1946-1964 • 25 million children born (1945 – 1960) • Boom leads to an increase in housing and the growth ofsuburbs

7. Transportation • The Highway Act 1956provides funding for a 44,000 mile network of interstate highways

8. Television • Television became the leading form of popular entertainment

9. Renewed struggle for Civil Rights • Brown v. Bd. Of Education – ends segregation • Little Rock –sends in the National Guard to enforce integratiobn

10. Eisenhower’s Foreign Policy • Eisenhower Doctrine- US pledges to help Middle East countries resist communism • “Massive Retaliation” • U.S. would consider nuclear weapons to halt aggression • Brinkmanship- US must be ready to go to the “brink of war” in order to preserve peace.”

11. Sputnik • Soviet Union launches Sputnik which starts an arms race.

12. Changing relations with the U.S.S.R. • Peaceful Coexistence • Change of leadership in the Soviet Union marks a easing of tensions between the US & Soviet Union. Eisenhower and Khrushchev

13. The U-2 incident • Soviets shoot down an American spy plane. • The pilot admits to spying • Soviets demand an apology • U.S. refuses to apologize

14. John F. Kennedy • 1960-63 • Democratic Senator from MA • Youngest elected president • First Catholic President • Assassinated Nov.22, 1963

15. Domestic Policies • “New Frontier”… • Aid to education, federal support of health care, urban renewal and civil rights • Spending for defense & space exploration (committed to a moon landing)!! • Began the Peace Corps

16. Foreign Policy • Containment: • Alliance for Progress (economic development in Latin America) • Berlin Wall is built after Kennedy refused to pull US troops out of West Berlin • Involvement in Vietnam

17. Cuba Castro • Bay of Pigs • Failed revolution to overthrow Castro & his communist regime (failed) • Cuban Missile Crisis • Soviet missiles in Cuba threaten U.S. • U.S. blockade works to stop threat of attack by the Soviets Soviet Medium Range Missile Launch sites in Cuba taken from a US spy plane

18. Lyndon Johnson • 1963-1968 • Democratic senator from Texas

19. Domestic policy • War on Poverty - $ for head start, literacy training, vocational ed.), EOE Act • Great Society Reforms - $ for Medicare, Medicaid, to poor school districts, arts, higher education, public housing, crime prevention, environment & automobile regulation.

20. Domestic Policy • Civil Rights Act of 1964 & 1965 • -made segregation illegal • Enforced desegregation in schools • EOE Act • 24th Amend. - abolish poll tax • Voting Rights Act - ends literacy tests

21. Foreign Policy • Escalationof the War in Vietnam • GULF OF TONKIN RESOLUTION - gave the Pres. Power to attack an enemy & prevent future aggression • Tet Offensive - Vietcong launch all-out surprise attack on South Vietnam

22. Richard M. Nixon • Republican • 1968 - 1974

23. Nixon’s Domestic Policies • New Federalism(revenue sharing) - shift social programs from federal to state levels (ex. welfare) • Stagflation - slow economic growth & inflation • 90 day wage & price freeze, 10% tax on imports (tariff) • Increase Social Security benefits • Voting Age lowered to 18 (26th Amendment)

24. Domestic Policies • Roe v. Wade (pro-abortion ruling) • Watergate Scandal leads to Nixon’s resignation • War Powers Act - Congress had to approve any military action lasting more than 60 days. (reverses Gulf of Tonkin) “I am not a crook” - President Nixon

25. Nixon’s Foreign Policy • “Vietnamization” - gradually withdrawal troops from Vietnam • 543,000 troops in 1969 • 300,000 troops in 1972

26. Foreign Policy • Nixon Doctrine - Asian allies receive $ but not ground support • Paris Peace Accords - armistice & cease-fire in Vietnam • Détente - reduction of Cold War tensions • SALT I - strategic arms limitations talks (reduce arms buildup in US & Soviet Union)

27. Gerald Ford • Republican from Michigan • 1974 - 1976 • Only President to never be elected to the Presidency or Vice-Presidency • Granted a full pardon to Nixon in his first month of office President Ford & First Lady Betty Ford

28. Ford’s Domestic Policies • Fiscally conservative • Lower Inflation (WIN) • Economy marked by stagflation • High Unemployment 9% • Pardoned Nixon & offered amnesty to men who avoided military service during Vietnam

29. Ford’s Foreign Policies • Saigon Falls, Rest of Vietnam falls to Communism (1975) • Continue détente w/ Soviets • Withdrew last troops from Vietnam

30. James Carter • Democrat from Georgia • 1976 - 1981 • Vice President: Walter Mondale

31. Carter’s Domestic Policies • Stop Inflation (up 13%) • Began EPA (environmental protection agency) • Oil Shortages • 3 Mile Island Nuclear Power Plant accident (Carter supported nuclear energy as an alternative to oil and coal). • Tried to pass the Equal Rights Amendment (failed when it went to the states for approval)

32. Carter’s Foreign Policies • Human Rights (stop apartheid) • Panama Canal Treaty - give canal to Panamanians • Camp David Accords - peace settlement between Egypt & Israel • Iran Hostage Crisis • Soviet invasion of Afghanistan to control Persian Gulf • SALT II • Helinski Accords - Carter would withhold aid from nations who violated human rights. Hostage Crisis

33. Modern Presidents 1980-2016

34. President Ronald Reagan • Republican • 1980 - 1988 • Vice President - George Bush

35. Reagan’s Domestic Policies • Reaganomics / Trickle Down or Supply Side Economics • Tax cuts for big business & wealthy would benefit everyone. • Control Inflation • Control illegal immigration • Balanced Budget (made deep cuts in federal spending)

36. Reagan’s Foreign Policy • Increase military spending • Star Wars (intercept soviet missiles) • Containment in Central America (El Salvador, Nicaragua, Grenada) • Iran-Contra Affair • Questioned détente??

37. George Bush • Republican • 1988 - 1992 • Only served one term

38. Bush’s Domestic Policy • Increased Taxes • Rising Unemployment • Recession • Urban Violence (LA Riots)

39. Bush’s Foreign Policies • Invasion of Panama to capture famous drug lord Manuel Noriega • Persian Gulf War (Operation Desert Storm) - Iraq invades oil rich Kuwait. US sends in troops

40. Bill Clinton • Democrat • 1992 - 2000 • Vice President - Albert Gore

41. Clinton’s Domestic Policies • Gays in the military • Health Care Reform • Revising Social Security (the graying of America) • Impeachment • Economic growth and prosperity

42. Clinton’s Foreign Policies • North Atlantic Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) • War in Bosnia (US tries to stop the ethnic cleansing) • Involvement in Kosovo (Serbs were massacring Albanians) • NATO expansion (Poland, Czech Republic & Hungary become members).

43. George W. Bush • Republican • 2000 - present • Vice - President - Dick Cheney

44. Bush’s Domestic Policies • Education Reform - No Child Left Behind Act • Tax Cuts (to jump start the economy) • Social Security Reform • Revision of Health Care • Dept. of Homeland Security • High gas prices • Hurricane Katrina

45. Bush’s Foreign Policies • War on Terror • War in Iraq • Capture of Saddam Hussein • Nuclear weapons in North Korea and Iran

46. Barak Obama • 2008 – Present • First African-American President • Vice President • Joe Biden

47. Domestic Policy • Health Care – Obama Care • Bailouts – GM • Economic Stimulus package to deal with the recession • Immigration reform

48. Foreign Policy • End to military presence in Iraq and Afganistan • Capture/Death of Osama bin Laden