Cold War Divides the World: Superpowers Face Off in a Battle for Control

1. Chapter 33: Restructuring the Postwar World, 1945-Present The United States and the Soviet Union vie for superiority, and both countries extend their control over other nations.

2. The Red Guards: China’s Teenage Police Force Between 1966 and 1976, students in China’s Red Guard waged a Cultural Revolution on teachers and professionals that left a million people dead and the country in chaos.

3. Red Guards holding Mao’s “Little Red Book” of his sayings during the cultural revolution.

4. Cold War Timeline, 1946-1980

5. Topic:Superpowers Face Off ( Continued) Why did the tensions among the Superpowers increase? Do Now: Read handout and ans ques. Into notes

6. Allies Become Enemies • Yalta Conference: A Postwar Plan • In February 1945, British, American, and Soviet leaders meet at Yalta • They agree to divide Germany into zones of occupation when WWII ends • Soviet leader Stalin agrees to allow free elections in Eastern Europe

7. Allies Become Enemies • Differing U.S. and Soviet Goals • U.S. and Soviets split sharply after WWII ends • U.S. is world’s richest and most powerful country after WWII- alarmed by expansion of Soviet power ( Soviet satellites) • Soviets recovering from high war casualties and had many destroyed cities – alarmed by expanding American military and economy

8. Eastern Europe’s Iron Curtain • Soviets Build a Buffer • Soviets control Eastern European countries after World War II • Stalin installs Communist governments in several countries • Truman urges free elections; Stalin refuses to allow free elections • In 1946, Stalin says capitalism and communism cannot co-exist

10. Eastern Europe’s Iron Curtain • An Iron Curtain Divides East and West • Germany is divided; East Germany is Communist, West Germany democratic • Iron Curtain—Winston Churchill’s name for the division of Europe

12. Fence alone the East/West Border in Germany

13. The nations on the eastern side of the “Iron Curtain” were known as the Eastern Bloc

14. Preserved section of the border between East Germany and West Germany called the "Little Berlin Wall" at Mödlareuth

15. United States Tries to Contain Soviets • Containment • Containment—U.S. plan to stop the spread of communism • The Truman Doctrine • Truman Doctrine—U.S. supports countries that reject communism • Congress approves Truman’s request for aid to Greece and Turkey

16. United States Tries to Contain Soviets • The Marshall Plan • Much of Western Europe lay in ruins after World War II • Marshall Plan—U.S. program of assisting Western European countries • Congress approves plan after Communist takeover of Czechoslovakia

18. United States Tries to Contain Soviets • The Berlin Airlift • In 1948, U.S., Britain, and France withdraw forces from West Germany • Their former occupation zones form one country • Soviets oppose this, stop land and water traffic into West Berlin • West Berlin, located in Soviet occupation zone, faces starvation • U.S. and Britain fly in supplies for 11 months until the blockade ends

19. Divisions of Berlin

20. Routes of Berlin Airlift

22. The Cold War Divides the World • The Cold War • Cold-War—struggle of U.S. and Soviet Union using means short of war • Superpowers Form Rival Alliances • In 1949, U.S., Canada, and West European countries form NATO • NATO—North Atlantic Treaty Organization—is a defensive military alliance • In 1955, Soviets and Eastern nations sign the Warsaw Pact alliance • In 1961, Soviets build the Berlin Wall to separate East and West Berlin

23. NATO Warsaw Pact and Non-aligned nations

24. Warsaw Pact Nations

26. Topic: Cold War Divides the World Aim: What tactics and weapons were used during the cold war? • The Threat of Nuclear War • Soviet Union explodes its first atomic bomb in 1949 • U.S. and Soviet Union both develop the more powerful hydrogen bomb • Brinkmanship—policy of willingness to go to the edge of war • Increasing tensions lead to military buildup by U.S. and the Soviets

27. The Cold War Divides the World • The Cold War in the Skies • In 1957, Soviets launch Sputnik, first unmanned satellite. THE SPACE RACE BEGINS! • In 1960, Soviets shoot down American spy plane (a U-2), increasing tensions

29. A replica of Sputnik 1

30. U-2 spy plane similar to the one shot down over the U.S.S.R.

31. Causes and Effects of the Cold War • Cold War Causes • Cold War Effects

32. Topic:Communists Take Power in China Aim: How did the Chinese Communists defeat Nationalist forces ? Do Now Read The Opium Wars Describe some issues China faced in the 1800s

33. Nationalists Overthrow Qing Dynasty Early 1900s – China ripe for revolution Kuomintang – nationalist party led by Sun Yixian 1912 – New Republic created Three principles of the people WWI – China on side of Allies May 4th,1919 – student protest 1921 – Chinese Communists organized

34. Peasants align with Communists • After Sun Yixian died in 1925- Jiang Jieshi headed the Kuomingtang. • Many peasants, however supported the Communist Party ( Mao gave them land). • Communists and Nationalists clashed in China ( Civil War) • Nationalist and Communist Chinese resume civil war after WWII ends

35. Communists vs. Nationalists Jiang Jieshi (a.k.a. Chiang Kai-shek) Mao Zedong

36. THE LONG MARCH-1933 6,000 mile journey

37. Communists vs. Nationalists • Civil War Resumes after WWII • Economic problems cause Nationalist soldiers to desert to Communists • Mao’s troops take control of China’s major cities • In 1949, People’s Republic of China is created • Nationalists flee to Taiwan

38. The Two Chinas Affect the Cold War • The Superpowers React • U.S. supports Nationalist state in Taiwan, called Republic of China • Soviets and China agree to help each other in event of attack • U.S. tries to stop Soviet expansion and spread of communism in China

39. The Two Chinas Affect the Cold War • China Expands under the Communists • China takes control of Tibet and southern Mongolia • India welcomes Tibetan refugees fleeing revolt against Chinese • China and India clash over border; fighting stops but tensions remain

40. AIM: How did the Communists Transform China?Topic: Communists take power in China • Mao’s Brand of Marxist Socialism • Mao takes property from landowners and divides it among peasants- kills more than 1 million who resisted • Government seizes private companies and plans production increase.( Five Year Plans) • Great Leap Forward- 1958 – attempt to reach modernization. • Commune System put into place( 200-300 households)- owned nothing – 1958-61 famine killed 20 million- ended in 1961

42. The Communists Transform China • The Cultural Revolution – look at Reading • Cultural Revolution—movement to build society of peasants and workers • Red Guards—groups of violent and radical youth—close schools and execute or imprison many intellectuals • In 1968, Chinese army imprisons, executes, or exiles most Red Guards who have been labeled by the government “Counter Revolutionary.” • However, the Cultural Revolution continues until Mao’s death in 1976.

43. Gang of Four • After Mao’s death in 1976, the Gang of Four—the radical group that controlled the power of the Chinese Communist Party throughout the Cultural Revolution—is arrested and judged responsible for the excesses and chaos that occurred in China as a result of this revolution.

44. Deng Xiaoping • “ I don’t care if the cat is black or white as long as it catches mice” • 4 Modernizations • Joint Venture with Foreign countries • Special Enterprise zones • Calls for Political Freedoms – Tiananmen square Massacre-1989

45. Hong Kong • 1997 – Hong Kong returned to China by British. • Allowed to keep capitalist economy • Today – China – Capitalist but not Democratic

46. Topic: War in Korea Aim : How did the cold war turn hot in Asia?

47. War in Korea • A Divided Land • 38th parallel—line dividing Korea into North Korea and South Korea

49. War in Korea • Standoff at the 38th Parallel • In 1950, North Koreans invade South Korea with Soviet support • South Korea requests UN assistance; 15 nations send troops • Douglas MacArthur—leads UN forces against North Koreans • North Koreans controls most of the peninsula when MacArthur attacks • Half of North Korea’s army surrenders, the rest retreat

50. War in Korea • The Fighting Continues • UN troops push North Koreans almost to Chinese border • Chinese send 300,000 troops against UN forces and capture Seoul • MacArthur calls for nuclear attack and is removed from command • In 1953, cease fire signed and border established at 38th parallel