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Organic Chemistry

Organic Chemistry. Carbon containing compounds. Hydrocarbons: molecules with Carbon & Hydrogen. 4 types: Alkanes: carbon chain with all single bonds Alkenes: carbon chain with at least one double bond. Alkynes: carbon chain with at least one triple bond.

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Organic Chemistry

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  1. Organic Chemistry Carbon containing compounds

  2. Hydrocarbons: molecules with Carbon & Hydrogen 4 types: Alkanes: carbon chain with all single bonds Alkenes: carbon chain with at least one double bond. Alkynes: carbon chain with at least one triple bond. Aromatic: Ringed carbon compound (must have at least 4 carbon’s or it won’t make a ring)

  3. Prefix for hydrocarbon chains # of carbons Prefix 1 Meth 2 Eth 3 Prop 4 But 5 Pent 6 Hex 7 Hept 8 Oct 9 Non 10 Dec

  4. Naming Alkanes Find the longest carbon chain in the molecule. Identify the groups branching off of the chain. Number your carbon chain such that your groups branching off the chain will have the lowest numbers possible. Write the # of the of the branch group, its name, - other groups, ending with the name of the longest chain. If the same type of branch shows up in more than one location, put all the locations down, use a prefix to indicate how many branches of that kind there are along with its name.

  5. Example #1 Lutz will draw molecules on the board, you write them in your notes and follow the steps above.

  6. Naming Alkenes & Alkynes Find the longest chain again (it will include your multiple bond). Number the chain so that the multiple bond will have the lowest number possible. Name the branches first (just like before), write the lower of the two numbers on the multiple bond, then name the longest chain (end in ene for double bonds and yne for triple bonds).

  7. Special Case for Alkenes If the structural formula is drawn for you look at the carbon chain branches, are they on the same side of the double bond or opposite sides?

  8. Example #2 Lutz will draw molecules on the board, you write them in your notes and follow the steps above.

  9. Writing formulas from names Draw the longest chain according to the end of the name. Place any double or triple bonds in their appropriate location. Place any branches on the chain. Fill in the rest of the chain with hydrogen atoms. Make sure each carbon has 4 bonds (no more, no less)

  10. Example #3 • 2-methyl-3,4-ethyl-nonane B. 2,4-dimethyl-3-ethyl-1-pentene C. 4,4,6-trimethyl-3-ethyl-1-decyne D. cis-5,6-diethyl-2-octene E. trans-3-nonene F. 3,3,4,4-tetramethyl-decane G. 2,6-dimethyl-3-propyl-2-octene

  11. Organic functional groups: R indicates a carbon chain Alcohol R-OH Ether R-O-R’ Ester Carboxylic acid Aldehyde Amine R-NH2 Ketone

  12. Naming alcohols Number the chain just like before. Write the numbers, prefixes and identities of the branches off of the carbon chain. Write the number and name of the carbon chain ending with –ol

  13. Example #4 Lutz will draw molecules on the board, you write them in your notes and follow the steps above.

  14. Writing alcohol formulas from names Draw the carbon chain and place the branches and alcohol in the proper place. Fill in the rest of the chain with hydrogen atoms. Make sure each carbon has 4 bonds.

  15. Example #5 A. 3-methyl-1-pentanol B. 2,2-dimethyl-3-hexanol C. n-propanol

  16. Alkane Reactions Addition: One of the atoms in the diatomic molecule trade places with one of the hydrogens on the hydrocarbon. The hydrogen that came off the hydrocarbon will attach to the other half of the diatomic molecule.

  17. Example #6 1. propane + 1 chlorine  2. butane + 3 fluorine 

  18. Alkene & Alkyne reactions Addition with diatomic molecules: The two atoms in the diatomic molecule add across the multiple bond (one atom on each side). Addition with water: The H will go on one side of the multiple bond, the OH will go on the other side.

  19. Example #7 1. 2-hexene + bromine  2. 3,4-diethyl-2-heptene + water 3. 2,3,3-trimethyl-1-butene + HF  4. butyne + water 

  20. Elimination Reactions Also known as dehydrogenation reactions. An alkane in the presence of an oxidizer at a high temperature will lose 2 hydrogens forming an alkene and a hydrogen molecule. The double bond normally happens on the end of the molecule (not in the middle somewhere).

  21. Example #8 • Butane • Propane • Hexane

  22. Lasso (condensation) Reactions These reactions happen between any molecules that both have an –OH.

  23. Example #9 • 1-propanol + 1-pentanol  • 1-ethanol + 1-butanol  • 2-propanol + methanol 

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