Health & Disease

1. Health & Disease

2. For 2 billion years, the prokaryotes were the only life form on the planet. • These first life forms were very _____________ cells… spheres with genetic material inside. No _____________ and no membrane bound _____________________. • These simple cells changed as their ___________ mutated. Some mutations were harmful, others were beneficial and others just created new variations with no advantage. The accumulation of these changes created organisms with a great diversity in size, shape and means of survival. SIMPLE NUCLEUS ORGANELLES DNA

3. Shapes of Bacteria: • Obtaining energy: • Some bacteria are ______________________ and must consume other compounds for food/energy, others • Other bacteria are _____________________ and can produce their own food/energy using light or chemicals HETEROTROPHS AUTOTROPHS Bacteria Bacterial Growth Bacteria Shapes & Motion

4. Notable Features: BACTERIA FLAGELLUM • ____________________ – used for movement (swimming) • Pili – look like cilia, but don’t move. They allow bacteria to stick to surfaces (like velcro). • Cell Wall – protection against lysis (cell breaking) • ______________________ – extra protective layer around cell wall. Helps bacteria survive in hostile conditions (like in your stomach). CAPSULE

5. Where are bacteria? • Bacteria exist all around us, in the air we breathe, on the surfaces we touch, on our skin, and within us. • Many bacteria do not actually harm us. In fact they can be helpful to us. Bacteria are responsible for: • turning milk to yogurt, adding flavor to foods • breaking down dead leaves into soil • helping break down food in our digestivesystem(symbiosis).

6. How do Bacteria Reproduce: BINARY FISSION • ________________________________ - form of asexual reproduction where the DNA is copied and the cell splits in two forming clones. • ________________________________ - form of sexual reproduction where two cells meet up and exchange pieces of DNA – helps increase genetic diversity CONJUGATION

7. Virus vs. Bacteria LIVING NON-LIVING BIT BIGGER VERY SMALL REPRODUCE ON OWN CANNOT REPRODUCE ON OWN CAUSE DISEAESE DNA &/OR RNA

8. DISEASES VIRUS VIRUS VIRUS BACTERIA

9. 2 Types of Immunity PASSIVE IMMUNITY • ________________________ – short-term immunity when antibodies produced for a pathogen injected into the body or a mother gives a baby short term immunity until the infant can make its own antibodies • Ex: being injected w/ antibodies that attack a rabies virus after being bitten • Receiving vaccines before going to another country • ________________________ - body makes own antibodies in response to an antigen ACTIVE IMMUNITY

10. Antibodies and Antigens: ANTIGEN • ________________ – substance not recognized by the body that causes an immune response • Antibody –   proteins that recognize and bind to antigens

11. Treatment of Bacterial Infections: • ________________________________ – block the growth or reproduction of bacteria (can’t be used to fight viruses) • Taken after an infection has started Ex: Take antibiotics for strep throat. ANTIBIOTICS

12. _______________________________ – solutions containing weakened or killed pathogens (a pathogen is anything that causes disease) • Taken prior to an infection to build antibodies against the pathogen • Sometimes antibiotics were prescribed for viral infections. Viruses cannot be killed by antibiotics. There are ­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­______________________ medications that treat viral infections by preventing the virus from developing. VACCINES ANTIVIRAL