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Exercise 21

Exercise 21. Blood Vessels & Circulation. Portland Community College BI 232. Blood vessels. Conduits that carry oxygen and nutrients to cells and remove wastes Arteries transport blood away from the heart. Deliver blood to capillary beds where gas and nutrient exchange occurs.

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Exercise 21

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  1. Exercise 21 Blood Vessels & Circulation Portland Community College BI 232

  2. Blood vessels • Conduits that carry oxygen and nutrients to cells and remove wastes • Arteries transport blood away from the heart. • Deliver blood to capillary beds where gas and nutrient exchange occurs. • Veins transport blood toward the heart.

  3. Martinipg. 711

  4. General Circulatory Patterns • Two main circuits: • Pulmonary circulation: Blood goes from the heart to the lungs and returns to the heart. The pulmonary trunk and its branches; leave the right ventricle of the heart and contain deoxygenated blood. • Systemic Circulation: Blood goes from the heart to rest of the body. The aorta and its branches; leave the left ventricle of the heart and contain oxygenated blood.

  5. Artery and VeinHistology • Walls have 3 layers: • Tunica intima • Tunica media • Tunica externa

  6. Tunica Intima • Is the innermost layer near the lumen • Includes: • The endothelial lining • Connective tissue layer • Internal Elastic Membrane: In arteries, is a thick layer of elastic fibers in the outer margin of the tunica intima

  7. Tunica Media • Is the middle layer • Contains concentric sheets of smooth muscle in loose connective tissue • Binds to inner and outer layers

  8. Tunica Externa (aka: Tunica Adventitia) • Is outer layer • Contains connective tissue sheath • Anchors vessel to adjacent tissues • In arteries: • Contain collagen • Elastic fibers • In veins: • Contain elastic fibers • Smooth muscle cells

  9. Elastic Arteries • Also called conducting arteries, these are the largest arteries • Tunica media has many elastic fibers and few muscle cells • Elasticity evens out pulse force • Examples: • Pulmonary trunk • Aorta • Common carotid arteries • Subclavian arteries • Common iliac arteries

  10. Aorta n = smooth muscle cell TA = tunica adventitia el = elastic fibers end = endothelial cells TI = tunica intimaTM = tunica media

  11. Vasa Vasorum • “Vessels of Vessels” • Small arteries and veins in the walls of large arteries and veins • Supply cells of tunica media and tunica externa Vasa Vasorum Aorta

  12. Muscular Arteries • Also called distribution arteries, are medium-sized (most arteries) • Tunica media has many muscle cells • Examples: • External carotid arteries • Brachial arteries • Femoral arteries

  13. Muscular Arteries

  14. Arterioles • The smallest branches of arteries • Feed into capillaries • Have little or no tunica externa • Have thin or incomplete tunica media

  15. Arteriole end = endothelial cell nucleusn = smooth muscle nucleusrbc = red blood cells end = endothelial cell nucleusn = smooth muscle nucleusrbc = red blood cells

  16. Capillaries • The smallest vessels • Structure: Simple squamous epithelium tube • Lumen side has a thin basal lamina • No tunica media, No tunica externa • Location of exchange between blood and interstitial fluid. • Gasses and chemicals diffuse across their walls

  17. Veins • Carry blood to the heart • Are larger in diameter than arteries • Have thinner walls • Contain valves • Folds of tunica intima that prevent blood from flowing backward • Venules: The smallest veins that carry blood away from the capillaries

  18. Veins • Medium-sized veins: • Thin tunica media and few smooth muscle cells • Tunica externa with longitudinal bundles of elastic fibers • Large veins: • Have all 3 tunica layers • Thick tunica externa • Thin tunica media • Example: Inferior and Superior vena cava

  19. Venous Valve in Medium Vein ad = adipose tissueTA = tunica adventitiaTM = tunica mediav = valve

  20. Large Vein

  21. Arteries Vs. Veins • Arteries and veins run side-by-side • Arteries have thicker walls and higher blood pressure • Collapsed artery has small, round lumen • Vein has a large, flat lumen

  22. Vein Artery

  23. Aortic Arch Left Coronary A. Ascending Aorta Right Coronary A.

  24. AorticArch Internal Carotid External carotid Common Carotid R. Vertebral R. Axillary a. R.Subclavian a. L.Subclavian a. Brachiocephalic Trunk

  25. Right Common Carotid R.Subclavian Vertebral L..Subclavian Brachiocephalic Trunk Left Common Carotid

  26. Descending aorta • Thoracic aorta: above the diaphragm • Includes the intercostal arteries which run between the ribs • Abdominal aorta: below the diaphragm

  27. Axillary Artery R. Axillary a. Brachial a. Radial a. Ulnar a.

  28. Circle of Willis Internal Carotid Vertebral External carotid

  29. Arteries of the head and neck

  30. Circle of Willis Anterior communicating Anterior cerebral Internal Carotid (cut) Middle cerebral Posterior communicating Posterior cerebral Basilar L. Vertebral R. Vertebral

  31. Anterior cerebral Internal Carotid Middle cerebral Posterior cerebral

  32. AbdominalAorta Celiac Trunk Superior Mesenteric Renal A. Gonadal Inferior Mesenteric Common Iliac External Iliac Internal Iliac

  33. Celiac Trunk Abdominal Aorta Common Hepatic Left Gastric Splenic Superior Mesenteric Inferior Mesenteric

  34. Spleen Splenic a. Renal a.

  35. Thigh Anterior Posterior External Iliac Femoral Deep Femoral

  36. LowerLeg Femoral Popliteal Fibular Anterior tibial Fibular Posterior tibial Dorsalis Pedis

  37. Axillary vein Cephalic vein Brachial vein Basilic vein Cephalic vein Median Cubital vein Radial vein Basilic vein Ulnar vein

  38. Brachiocephalic Right Left Subclavian vein Axillary vein Cephalic vein Brachial vein Basilic vein Hemiazygos Azygos

  39. Petrosal sinus Cavernous sinus Superior Sagittal sinus Straight sinus Transverse sinus Internal Jugular Sigmoid sinus Brachiocephalic Right Left Vertebral Vein External Jugular Superior Vena Cava Subclavian vein

  40. Femoral Popliteal Small Saphenous Great Saphenous Anterior Tibial Small Saphenous Anterior Tibial Fibular Posterior Tibial

  41. Deep Femoral Femoral Great Saphenous Popliteal Small Saphenous Anterior Tibial Small Saphenous Posterior Tibial Fibular

  42. Hepatic veins Inferior Vena Cava Renal vein Common iliac vein Internal iliac vein External iliac vein

  43. Inferior Vena Cava Hepatic veins Hepatic Portal vein Splenic vein Superior Mesenteric Inferior Mesenteric

  44. Hepatic Portal Circulation • Veins that flow into the liver before returning to the heart • Blood from digestive organs and spleen travel to capillaries of the liver. • The liver processes the blood before sending it through the hepatic vein. • Blood then travels to the inferior Vena Cava

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