Improving the health and healthfulness of beef J.M. Reecy, and D.C. Beitz Iowa State University

1. Improving the health and healthfulness of beef J.M. Reecy, and D.C. Beitz Iowa State University

2. Overview • Disease resistance • Infectious Bovine Keratoconjunctavitus • Respiratory Disease • Improving theHealthfulness of Beef

3. Pink Eye • Reported in the USA since 1889 • 45% of Missouri herds have endemic IBK • Average prevalence = 8% • More common in the young – 10-60% • Immunity develops with age • No gender affinity

4. What Causes “Pink Eye” • Moraxella bovis • Brannamella ovis? • High UV light • Dust • IBR infection • IBR vaccination • Mycoplasma infection Mycoplasma bovoculi • Trauma • Face flies- Musca autumnalis (since 1946)

5. Options For Control/ Prevention • Are the technologies up to the job?

6. Options For Control/ Prevention • Not up to the job • Vaccines • Fly control • Dust control • Pasture clipping

7. What are the Future Options • Genetic selection • Improved vaccines • Better treatment

8. Requirements of the project • Serve as a model for disease resistance/susceptibility research • Internal parasites - nematodes • Respiratory • Use field records • Need to develop data collection scheme

9. Data Collection • Two seasons • When cases are actively observed • Weaning • Scoring system • Data sheets

10. Score 1 – An active lesion involving less than one-third of the cornea. Score 2 – An active lesion involving one-third to two-thirds of the cornea.

11. Score 3 – An active lesion involving more than two-thirds of the cornea. Score 4 – An active lesion with perforation of the cornea

13. Pinkeye Data Analysis • 1823 head (Indiana, Iowa, Missouri, Wisconsin) • Heritability • MTDFREML • Model Y =  + CG +animal +PE + error • CG = Sex-weaning group (4) • PE = permanent environmental • h2 = 0.18

14. Effect of Pinkeye/Corneal Abrasion on Weaning Weight Weaning Weight (Lbs)

15. Additional Results • No evidence of prior exposure to bovine rhinotracheitis as having an effect • No evidence of Carrier status (M. bovis and B. Ovis) effecting incidence

16. Tear Film • Lipid layer: Reduces evaporation , prevents contamination • Aqueous layer: Lubrication and protection • Mucus layer: Lubricates and protect the cornea.

17. Ocular defense factors affecting susceptibility • sIgA and Lactoferrin (Lf) as candidate factors in the tear film influencing susceptibility • Antigen binding: protection against invading microorganisms • Hypothesis: Cattle susceptible to pink eye produce higher levels of sIgA and lower Lf

19. Probability of Corneal Scarring

20. MARC Pinkeye data • Gary Snowder (JAS 2005 83(3):507-18. ) • 19 years of data • Calves listed as being treated in the herd book • Number of records • 907 to 10,947 head per breed • 1.3 to 22.4% incidence

23. Respiratory Disease • Bovine Respiratory Disease is the most common and costly disease in the U.S. • National mortality rate for bovine respiratory disease is 6% (NAHMS, 1997) • Lung lesions are routinely observed in animals that exhibited no clinical signs

24. Respiratory Disease • Use field records • Need to develop data collection scheme • Treatment data • Lung Score

25. Designing Beef to Produce a Healthier Product

26. Overview • Goal of Research • Develop the tools to allow breeders to select for healthier beef • What does this mean to the beef industry? • It will be able to actively address human health concerns with respect to consumption of beef

27. Interaction of Genetics and Environment in Causing Human Disease PRIMARILY NATURE (Genetics) PRIMARILY NURTURE (Environment) Heart Disease Motor vehicle accidents Osteoporosis Dwarfism Stroke Pneumonia, influenza Diabetes Obesity Nutritional deficiencies, nutritional anemias Colon cancer Cirrhosis of the liver Breast cancer Lung cancer

28. Two Leading Causes of Human Deaths in the U.S. Cause of deathRank1DeathsPercentage All causes --- 2,443,387 100.0 Diseases of heart 1 696,947 28.5 Malignant neoplasms 2 557,271 22.8 Cerebrovascular diseases 3 162,672 6.7 Chronic lower respiratory distress 4 124,816 5.1 Accidents (unintentional injuries) 5 106,742 4.4 Diabetes mellitus 6 73,249 3.0 Influenza and pneumonia 7 65,681 2.7 Alzheimer’s disease 8 58,866 2.4 Nephritis, nephrotic syndrome, and nephrosis 9 40,974 1.7 Septicemia 10 33,865 1.4 1Rank based on number of deaths; total = 79% of all deaths.Source: National Vital Statistics Report, Vol. 15, No. 17

29. Obesity in U.S. in 2004 BMI > 30, or ~ 30 lbs. overweight for 5'4" person 2004

30. What are Americans eating? What should Americans be eating?

31. How Do We Name Fatty Acids? • Carbon chain length and # of unsaturated bonds (e.g. 18:0 or 18:1) • Name • Palmitic (16:0) or Palmitoleic (16:1)9 • Stearic (18:0) or Oleic (18:1) 9 • Linoleic (18:2) 9,12

32. 12:0 + 4*(14:0) + 16:0 = (MUFAs) + (PUFAs) Atherogenic index The atherogenic index as proposed by Ulbricht and Southgate, 1991

33. (MUFAs) + (PUFAs) = 12:0 + 4*(14:0) + 16:0 Health Promoting Index

34. How Does Beef Compare to Other Sources of Fat?

35. Health-promoting index of several foods Food HPI Food HPI Beef(NLMB) 1.43 Beef TG(Knight) 1.27 “Extreme” milk fat 1.30 Beef(Beitz) 1.16 Tallow 1.12 “Greatest” milk 0.94 “Average” milk fat 0.44 “Low” milk fat 0.30 Palm kernel oil 0.15 Coconut oil 0.06 Soy oil 7.69 Olive oil 7.14 Beef PL(Knight) 3.03 Chicken 2.27 Pork 2.13 Lard 1.92 Beef(Eichhorn) 1.67 Margarine 1.61 Beef(Knight) 1.52 Beef(Garret) 1.49

36. Genotype Phenotype Environment

37. Feeding systems affecting fatty acid composition Ruminant species - Rumen biohydrogenation - Forage increases reductive potential of the rumen - Rumen can be overloaded with PUFA (CLA increase in pasture-fed cattle)

38. Fatty Acid Synthesis and Modification Fatty acid synthesis 14:0 16:0 18:0 14:1 16:1 18:1

39. Triacylglcyerols Phospholipids Sample Processing 974 Steaks from beef cattle

40. Statistical analysis • Steers and bulls slaughtered at normal finishing weight. • Contemporary groups based on year, farm of origin, feedlot, and harvest date. • 63 contemporary groups (1-65 cattle per group). • 77 sires (1-40 progeny per sire).

41. Variation in Health-Promoting Index of Beef

42. Composite Fatty Acid Composition

43. Composite Fatty Acid Indexes

44. Does Breed to Breed Variation Exist in Fatty Acid Composition • Collaborative project with Larry Cundiff at Meat Animal Research Center • 588 animals • Sire Lines • Angus BeefMaster • Hereford Bonsmara • Brangus Romosinuano • Dam Lines • Angus MARC III

45. Significant Differences in Fatty Acid Composition Exist Between Breeds

46. Significant Differences in Fatty Acid Indexes Exist Between Breeds

47. Significant Differences in Fatty Acids Exist Between Breeds

48. New Compounds • Conjugated Linoleic Acid • Anti-cancer, anti-obesity, anti-diabetic • Heme and non-Heme Iron • correlated positively with hematological status • Spingolipids • may inhibit colon cancer in humans • Creatine • improves muscle strength • Vitamin E • negatively correlated with risk of prostate cancer

49. Are Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms Associated with Fatty Acid Composition • 172 purebred American Angus Bulls and Steers ISU Meat Quality Selection Herd • Stearoyl-CoA Desaturease SNPs • Enzyme responsible for desaturating fatty acids • SCD 316, SCD536, SCD1278

50. Effect of a Stearoyl-CoA Desaturase DNA polymorphism