Respiratory System

1. Respiratory System By: Jake Skelly Brooke Vanlacken Aldiana Huskic McKayla Drappeaux

2. Alveoli • Alveoli are any of the tiny air cells of the lungs where oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged. • A network of capillaries surrounds each alveolus. • All exchange of gases in the lungs occurs in the alveoli

3. Pharynx • The pharynx is the throat, a tube at the back of the nasal cavities and the mouth. • It contains passageways for food and air. • When food is swallowed, a flap of cartilage, called the epiglottis, presses down and covers the opening to the air passage.

4. Epiglottis • The epiglottis is a flap of cartilage; it presses down and covers the opening to the air passage. • When a person swallows the epiglottis folds backward to cover the entrance of the larynx so food and liquid do not enter the windpipe and lungs. After swallowing the epiglottis returns to its original upright position.

5. Larynx • The larynx is the voice box. It is located at the upper end of the trachea. • Sounds are produced when air is forced past two ligaments that stretch across the larynx. • The pitch and volume of sound varies with the amount of tension on the vocal chords.

6. Trachea • Allows air to pass into a cartilaginous tube called the windpipe. • In insects, myriapods, and spiders, one of a network of air tubes; in vertebrates, the tube that connects the larynx to the lungs. • Branches to two bronchi. • Bronchi connects trachea to the lungs.

7. Skin and Pores • The skin acts as a barrier. Harmful microbes and chemicals are kept out and water is kept in. • Skin has pores that allows the skin to release substances onto the skin surface not to act as a passage for substances coming in through the barrier. • Intact skin is not totally impervious to all substances, as clearly there are some chemicals that can penetrate the skin barrier.

8. Respiratory Disorders/Diseases • Asthma, the condition of subjects with widespread narrowing of the bronchial airways, which changes in severity over short periods of time and leads to coughing, wheezing, and difficulty breathing. • Pneumonia is an infection of the alveoli. It can be caused by many kinds of both bacteria and viruses. • Tissue fluids accumulate in the alveoli reducing the surface area exposed to air. • Types of respiratory diseases and disorders: • Chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder (COPD) • One of the most common lung diseases. It makes it difficult to breathe. • There are two main forms of COPD: Chronic bronchitis, which involves a long-term cough with mucus Emphysema, which involves destruction of the lungs over time • Asthma • Chronic Bronchitis • Pulmonary Emphysema • Acute Bronchitis • Acute bronchitis is usually caused by a virus. Often a person gets acute bronchitis after having an upper respiratory tract infectionsuch as a cold or the flu. In rare cases, acute bronchitis is caused by bacteria. • Acute bronchitis also can be caused by breathing in things that irritate the bronchial tubes, such as smoke. It also can happen if a person inhales food or vomit into the lungs. • Cystic Fibrosis • Interstitial Lung Disease/Pulmonary Fibrosis • Occupational Lung Diseases • Pneumonia • Primary Pulmonary Hypertension • Pulmonary Embolism • Pulmonary Sarcoidosis • Tuberculosis

9. Bronchiole • The bronchiole is a smaller air passage that branches from the bronchi within the lungs. • The bronchi branch into smaller and smaller tubes. • The bronchiole is the smallest of all tubes. • The bronchus is one of the tubes that connect the lungs with the trachea.

10. Ciliated Epithelium • Barrier to potential pathogens preventing infection and tissue injury by the action of the mucoiliary escalator. • The mucus and dirt that naturally accumulates in your airway and cannot be transported to your throat for you to swallow it or cough it out of your corporal system. • Chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder (COPD) • Asthma • Chronic Bronchitis • Pulmonary Emphysema • Acute Bronchitis • Cystic Fibrosis • Interstitial Lung Disease/Pulmonary Fibrosis • Occupational Lung Diseases • Pneumonia • Primary Pulmonary Hypertension • Pulmonary Embolism • Pulmonary Sarcoidosis • Tuberculosis

11. Airways • The airways are passages that carry oxygen-rich air to the lungs and carbon dioxide out of the lungs. • The airways include the: Nose and linked air passages called nasal cavities. • Mouth. • Larynx, or voice box. • Trachea, or windpipe. • Tubes called bronchial tubes • or bronchi, and their branches, • called bronchioles.

12. Airways (cont.) • Air first enters the body through the nose or mouth, which wets and warms the air. (Cold, dry air can irritate the lungs.) The air then travels through the larynx box and down the trachea. • The trachea divides into two bronchi that enter the lungs. The respiratory tract is divided into two main parts: the upper respiratory tract, consisting of the nose, nasal cavity and the pharynx; and the lower respiratory tract consisting of the larynx, trachea, bronchi and the lungs. • The trachea, which begins at the edge of the larynx, divides into two bronchi and continues into the lungs. • The trachea allows air to pass from the larynx to the bronchi and then to the lungs. • The bronchi divide into smaller bronchioles which branch in the lungs forming passageways for air.

13. Airways (cont.) • The terminal parts of the bronchi are the alveoli. The alveoli are the functional units of the lungs and they form the site of gaseous exchange. • A thin flap of tissue called the epiglottis covers the trachea when a person swallows. • This prevents food or drink from entering the air passages that lead to the lungs. • Except for the mouth and some parts of the nose, all of the airways have special hairs called cilia that are coated with sticky mucus. • The cilia trap germs and other foreign particles that enter the airways when a person breathes in air. • These fine hairs then sweep the particles up to the nose or mouth. There, they are swallowed, coughed, or sneezed out of the body. Nose hairs and mouth saliva also trap particles and germs.

14. Lungs and blood vessels • The lungs and linked blood vessels deliver oxygen to the body and remove carbon dioxide. • The lungs lie on either side of the sternum (breastbone) and fill the inside of the chest cavity. • The left lung is slightly smaller than the right lung to allow room for the heart. • Within the lungs, the bronchi branch into thousands of smaller, thinner tubes called bronchioles. • These tubes end in bunches of tiny round air sacs called alveoli. • Each of these air sacs is covered in a mesh of tiny blood vessels called capillaries. • The capillaries connect to a network of arteries and veins that move blood through the body.

15. Lungs and blood vessels (cont.) • The pulmonary artery and its branches deliver blood rich in carbon dioxide (and lacking in oxygen) to the capillaries that surround the air sacs. • Inside the air sacs, carbon dioxide moves from the blood into the air. Oxygen moves from the air into the blood in the lungs. • The oxygen-rich blood then travels to the heart through the pulmonary vein and its branches. • The heart pumps the oxygen-rich blood out to the body. • The lungs are divided into five main sections called lobes. Some people need to have a diseased lung lobe removed. • However, they can still breathe well using the rest of their lung lobes.

16. External and internal respiration • External respiration is the act of breathing. The medulla oblongata in the brain sends a series of impulses to the central nervous system. The central nervous system affects the thoracic diaphragm, a sheet of muscle separating the interior of the torso from the gastrointestinal system. The diaphragm pulls away from the lungs, giving room for the lungs to expand. • This is coupled with the expansion of the trachea, sinuses and alveoli in the lungs. The alveoli are spongy tissues which make up the interior of the lungs. They contain many tiny capillaries through which two types of red blood cell pass. • Hemoglobin alpha and beta are physically no different except that beta comes to the lungs bearing carbon dioxide molecules attached to spots on its structure called binding sites. They exchange these molecules in favor of oxygen molecules in the lungs, becoming alpha cells. • Internal respiration picks up where external respiration leaves off. The oxygen-laden alpha cells pass throughout the body's cardiovascular system and diffuse through all the veins and capillaries. As they do so, they come into contact with other cells such as muscle cells, skin cells and organ cells. • These cells, as they perform cellular respiration, dispose of carbon dioxide by forcing it out of their exterior membranes, the endothelia. The alpha cell has a large iron molecule in it. When an oxygen molecule is connected to an alpha cell's binding site, it interacts in such a way with the iron molecule as to cause the cell to change shape, exposing a different binding site. • Carbon dioxide molecules connect to these new binding sites, breaking the bonds of the oxygen molecules. The living cells of the body take in oxygen molecules through the endothelia, and the alpha cells have now become beta cells, which pass back to the lungs to repeat the process.

17. Extra information on the Respiratory system • The respiratory system is a group of organs responsible for carrying oxygen from the air to the bloodstream and expelling the waste product carbon dioxide. • The main parts of this system are the airways, the lungs and linked blood vessels, and the muscles that enable breathing.