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Organic Chemistry

Organic Chemistry. Organic Compounds. Compounds that contain carbon Found in all living things. Structure of Carbon. Carbon has 4 valence electrons Can form bonds with 4 other atoms = wide variety of compounds. Hydrocarbons. Compounds that contain only carbon and hydrogen Includes:

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Organic Chemistry

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  1. Organic Chemistry

  2. Organic Compounds • Compounds that contain carbon • Found in all living things

  3. Structure of Carbon • Carbon has 4 valence electrons • Can form bonds with 4 other atoms = wide variety of compounds

  4. Hydrocarbons • Compounds that contain only carbon and hydrogen • Includes: 1) Natural gas – used to heat homes 2) Gasoline – used in cars 3) Kerosene, Butane – used in portable heaters 4) Turpentine – paint thinners

  5. Alkanes • Group of hydrocarbons that have only single bonds between carbon atoms • Called “saturated hydrocarbons” because they contain the maximum amount of hydrogen

  6. Naming Alkanes • All alkanes end in –ane Ex. methane, ethane, propane • Use prefix to tell how many carbon atoms are present (up to 10)

  7. Name these • Give the formula

  8. Alkenes • Hydrocarbons that contain one double bond between carbon atoms • Called “unsaturated hydrocarbon” because it does not have the maximum number of hydrogen atoms • Alkenes end in – ene • Prefixes are the same as alkanes

  9. Sprayed on orchards • Name these • Give the formula

  10. Alkynes • Hydrocarbons that contain one triple bond between carbon atoms • Called “unsaturated hydrocarbon” because it does not have the maximum number of hydrogen atoms • All alkynes end in - yne • Prefixes are the same as alkanes and alkenes

  11. Name these • Give the formula 1-Hexyne Propyne Ethyne

  12. Isomers • Two hydrocarbons with the same molecular formula but with different structural formulas • Have different chemical and physical properties 2-Methyl propane Butane

  13. Cyclic Hydrocarbons • Hydrocarbon with a round or ring-type structure • Use same naming rules as regular hydrocarbons but the prefix cyclo- is added Used as an anesthetic Cyclopropane

  14. Name these • Give the formula Used as a paint remover Cyclohexane Cyclopentane Cyclobutene Cyclobutane

  15. Aromatic Hydrocarbons • Molecules that have alternating single and double bonds in six-carbon ring structures • Named because many have a pleasant odor • Found in aspirin, moth balls, explosives, and plastic foam products

  16. Name these • Give the formula Benzene Cyclohexane Hexane

  17. Substituted Hydrocarbons • Organic compounds with more than just carbon and hydrogen • Many practical uses: • Freon – used in air conditioners, refrigerators • Chloromethane – used in medicines • Toluene – used in paint, glue • Chlorotoluene – used in dyes, perfume

  18. Alcohol • Hydrocarbon in which a hydrogen atom is replaced with a hydroxyl group (OH) • Formula: R-OH (R stands for the “rest” of the molecule) • Examples: • Methyl alcohol (methanol) – wood alcohol, used as solvent for waxes, poisonous • Ethyl alcohol (ethanol) – alcohol made by fermenting grain, used to make perfume, dyes, rubber

  19. Give the formula methanol

  20. Organic Acids • Compound formed when one hydrogen of a hydrocarbon is replaced with by a carboxyl group • Carboxyl group consists of 1 carbon, 2 oxygen, and 1 hydrogen • Formula: R-COOH • Example: - Acetic acid (CH3COOH) – present in vinegar

  21. Esters • Product of the reaction between an organic acid and an alcohol • Used in making perfumes and flavor of fruits is due to esters

  22. Chemistry of Living Things • Organic compounds make up 1/3 of the human body is made up of organic and inorganic compounds • Organic compounds include: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids

  23. Carbohydrates • Hydrogen and oxygen atoms are in a 2-1 ratio • Ex: Starches and sugars • Plants use photosynthesis to make sugars • Provides short term energy

  24. Lipids • Contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen • Provides long-term energy • Ex: fats, oils, waxes • Animal fats = saturated lipids (bonds?) • Vegetable fats (corn oil, peanut oil, olive oil) = unsaturated lipids (bonds?) • Subunit = fatty acid

  25. Proteins • Made of carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen • Most of the muscles, skin, hair, and internal organs are made of protein • Subunit = amino acids • Contain an amino group (-NH2) and a carboxyl group (-COOH) • Different R groups create 20 different amino acids

  26. Nucleic Acids • Organic compounds that control the functions of cells • DNA contains info about how to arrange amino acids to make proteins • RNA controls the building of proteins

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