Abbasid Decline and the Spread of Islamic Civilization to South and Southeast Asia

1. Abbasid Decline and the Spread of Islamic Civilization to South and Southeast Asia Chapter 7

2. Abbasid Dynasty • Al-Mahdi (#3 Caliph) • Shi’a revolts and assassination attempts begin • Luxurious Caliph lifestyle beings • Wives, concubines, courtiers, palaces • Wavered between which son to succeed him • Palace intrigue between wives begins • 1 year after death, his successor is poisoned

3. Abbasid Dynasty • Harun al-Rashid • The Thousand and One Nights

5. Abbasid Dynasty • Harun al-Rashid • The Thousand and One Nights • Dependence on Persian advisors begins • Upon death civil war

6. Abbasid Dynasty • After death of Harun, sons of the Caliph build personal slave mercenary armies • Slave armies become a political force • Assassinate Caliphs to put others sons on the throne • Major force behind social unrest

8. Women in the Empire • Harems • Veils for wives and daughters • (not concubines and slaves)

9. Abbasid Dynasty in Decline • Abbasid rulers tried to escape Baghdad and build new capitals • Huge cost • Rising taxes • Flood, famine, bandit gangs • Shi’a sects resist Abbasid rule • Kingdoms break away • Syria, Egypt

10. Rise of the Seljuk Turks • 945 Buyids of Persia capture Baghdad • Caliphs become puppets of the sultans • 1055 Seljuk Turks conquer Muslim Empire • Purged the capital of Shi’a officials • Stopped Shi’a threat in Egypt • Defeated Byzantine Empire kilij

11. Christian Crusades • 1096 The Pope calls the first Crusade • Christians knights (mostly French) march on the Holy Land and conquer it. • Jerusalem massacred

12. Christian Crusades • Internal fighting continued in Muslim Empire until Saladin • Saladin re-conquered most of lost land • All of it retaken by 1291

14. Age of Learning and Art • Urban growth • Merchants thrive • Persian the court language • Calligraphy

15. Age of Learning and Art • Math • Built on Greek work • Chemistry • Objective experiments • Medicine • Hospitals

19. Religious Trends • Sufis • mysticism • Ulama • Conservative • Against outside influence • Greek philosophy rejected • Qur'an sufficient

20. Nomadic Invasions • Mongols raid into eastern kingdoms. • Led by Chinggis Khan • Hulegu sacks Baghdad in 1258 • Mongols march west until they are stopped by Mamluks in Egypt

21. Islam Comes to South Asia • Islam contacts the West Coast of India through seafarers • Muhammad ibnQasim • Arab general invades Sind (Indus River) 711 • Hindus and Buddhists eventually treated as “people of the book” • Scientific advancements absorbed and improved upon by Abbasid Empire

22. Second Wave • Hindus had regained control of Sind • 962 Turkish slave dynasty seized power in Afghanistan • Mahmud of Ghazni began raiding deeper into India • Raiding continued for two centuries • Delhi became capital of new Muslim empire • Sultans of Delhi

23. Delhi Sultanate

24. Muslim Conversions • Merchants and sufi mystics led conversions • Sufis were revered for magic and healing powers • Most converts were Buddhist with some from low-caste groups • Converts escaped the head tax • More equality in Islam than Hinduism AtalaMosque, 1408, Janupur, India

25. Muslim Conversions • Soon a new hybrid Mulsim/Hindu caste system formed • Divided communities • Hindu Reaction • Bhakti mystic cults allowed Hindus of all castes to join and reach spiritual goals • This stopped many Hindus from converting to Islam

26. Religious Lines are Drawn • In this later period orthodox elements in both religions insisted that the two religions were incompatible • Most of India remained Hindu

27. Islam into Southeast Asia • Once the devout Buddhist trading empire of Shrivijaya fell Islam spread into Southeast Asia • Spread from port city to port city • Slow spread inland • Much of the spread was by Sufis • Established schools • Allowed syncretism • Women maintained strong role in society Borobudur Buddhist Temple, Java Grand Mosque, Indonesia

28. نهاية