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Introduction to Health y Communication. Dr. Muharrem AK İnönü University Faculty of Medicine Department of Family Medicine http://iys.inonu.edu.tr/index.php?web=ailehekimligi E-mail:muharremak@inonu.edu.tr.
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Introduction to HealthyCommunication Dr. Muharrem AK İnönü University Faculty of Medicine Department of Family Medicine http://iys.inonu.edu.tr/index.php?web=ailehekimligi E-mail:muharremak@inonu.edu.tr
1948, the World Health Organization defined health as ‘a complete state of physical, mental and social well being’ and not merely the absence of disease and infirmity. Health
Toronto • Feeling vital and full of energy. • Experiencing a sense of control over one’s life and living conditions • Being able to do things pose in life • Experiencing being part of a community
Why effective communication necessary for the first year medical students?
International Conference on Health Communication 1991 1. Communication problems in medical practice are important and common.
2. Patient anxiety and dissatisfaction are directly related to uncertainty and lack of information, explanation and feedback which in turn have negative consequences in all cause health related well being.
3. Doctors often misperceive the amount and type of information that patients want to receive.
4. Improved quality of clinical communication is related to positive health outcomes.
5. Greater participation by the patient in the encounter improves satisfaction, compliance and treatment outcomes
6. The level of psychological distress in patients with serious illness is less when they perceive themselves to have received adequate information.
7. Beneficial clinical communication is routinely possible in clinical practice and can be achieved during normal clinical encounters, without unduly prolonging them, provided that the clinician has learned the relevant techniques
Before looking at communication between two or more people interpersonal communication it is important to consider communication that occurs solely within ourselves.
The core of self • This is basically concerned with how we see and value ourselves; our selfimage and personality. Our self-image not only depends on how we see and categorize ourselves, but also, importantly, on how we believe we are seen and categorized by others
Our self-image composed of physical attributes intellectual attributes social or emotional attributes
Self-esteem • Our self-esteem is a major element of intrapersonal communication, it also affects how we communicate with others. People with high self-esteem, for example, have been noted to talk more firmly and confidently, whereas those with low esteem are more cautious.
Needs and motivations • The second element involves the needs and motivations which drive the self to generate communications or interpret communications, and to change the way it presents itself in different sorts of interaction.
Cognitions • The internal activities by which we make sense of the world. • The way in which we generate and interpret communications will depend on our prior knowledge, experiences and values that we hold.
Cognitive processes in intrapersonal Communication • Decoding interpreting communications from others), integration (relating these to other information)
4. Encoding (i.e. composing communications to transmit to others). Each of these will be affected by our past
5. Knowledge and experience, as well as by particular beliefs and emotional factors.
Monitoring the reactions of others • We constantly obtain and check reactions from others in order to see what effect we are having on them, and to adjust future behaviour if appropriate. This involves monitoring both their verbal and non-verbal behaviours.
Social leakage • Influential source of feedback, as non-verbal communication tends to be more automatic and less open to control by others • People may say one thing verbally but their body language or facial expression may portray a different picture
‘The process by which information, meanings,and feelings are shared by persons through the exchange of verbal and non-verbal messages’
The most common type of interpersonal communication is face-to-face interaction between two or more people. Such interactions typically comprise a basic forms of communication sequence of events and behaviours
1. Two or more communicators (i.e. a source and a receiver).
3. The medium or the particular means of conveying the message, with the three main types being presentational (e.g. voice, body), representational (e.g. books, photos) and technological (e.g. television). The first is pivotal in interpersonal communication
4. The channel (i.e. what connects the communicators and accommodates the medium; e.g. vocal–auditory, gestural–visual).
5. A code (i.e. system of meaning shared by a group, such as the English language).
6. Noise (this is not just mere sounds but includes any interference with the success of the communicative act).
1. Competency performance is a process which involves formulating goals and action plans, implementing these plans, monitoring the effects of behaviour, adjusting and abandoning goals and responses in the light of outcomes, and taking cognizance of other people and the context in which the interaction occurs.
2. Competency behaviours are goal directed, although goals are not always conscious.
3. Competency behaviours must be inter related in that they are synchronized to achieve a goal.
4. Competency should be appropriate to the situation in which they are used.
5. Competency are defined in terms of identifiable units of behaviour. Skill is reflected in the performance of communicative behaviours.
6. Competency behaviours are learned and developed through a number of stages.
7. Competency should be under the cognitive control of the individual.
