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Amazon in Perspective: Integrated Science for a Sustainable Future

Amazon in Perspective: Integrated Science for a Sustainable Future ESTIMATED LEVELS OF EXPOSURE TO PM 2.5 IN THE BRAZILIAN LEGAL AMAZON REGION AND INDICATORS OF HUMAN HEALTH. Manaus, 2008. PROJETO MILÊNIO/LBA CNPQ/FAPEMAT - 2006. Eliane Ignotti – UNEMAT e ISC/UFMT

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Amazon in Perspective: Integrated Science for a Sustainable Future

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  1. Amazon in Perspective: Integrated Science for a Sustainable Future ESTIMATED LEVELS OF EXPOSURE TO PM2.5 IN THE BRAZILIAN LEGAL AMAZON REGION AND INDICATORS OF HUMAN HEALTH Manaus, 2008

  2. PROJETO MILÊNIO/LBA CNPQ/FAPEMAT - 2006 Eliane Ignotti – UNEMAT e ISC/UFMT Karla Longo - CPTEC/INPE Saulo Freitas - CPTEC/INPEPaulo Artaxo Netto - IFUSP Joaquim Gonçalves Valente – ENSP/FIOCRUZ e IMS/UERJ Sandra de Souza Hacon – ENSP/FIOCRUZ

  3. INTRODUCTION In the Amazon region the forest burning occurs during the dry season, typically between July and October. Most of the burning occurs around the edge of the forest. “Arco do desmatamento” - Maranhão / Acre.

  4. Pyrocumulus Clouds The air quality for small towns can be much worse during the dry season compared to polluted mega-cities in South America Dry season (400- 600 μg/m³)

  5. INTRODUCTION The concentrations of particulate matter (PM10 and PM2.5) are important environmental indicators of regional air pollution. Fine particles (PM2.5) persist longer in the atmosphere. Their rate of sedimentation is slower, causing these finer particles to be transported over longer distances (Adreae et al 2001).

  6. INTRODUCTION PM2.5 may be a better indicator for health effects than PM10 but as still significantly less monitoring data area available. Setting up permanent air quality monitoring sites in the entire Brazilian Amazon region and vicinity would be prohibitively expensive, and presents immense logistic and operational difficulties

  7. INTRODUCTION Burning frequently occurs not only in forest areas but also in the course of clearing huge areas of grass-land, savanna fields, as well as prior to the sugar-cane harvest. Sugar - Cane Tangará da Serra/ MT 65% manual harvest91.850,18 ha burned (2006/2007)

  8. INTRODUCTION The particulate matter concentrations in the Amazon region suggest the need of a new methodological approach of environment indicators capable of detecting spatial and temporal variations of exposure levels. This region encompasses an area of about 4-5 million km2 with an estimated population of 24 million inhabitants, distributed among more than 805 municipalities which make up a total of 107 micro regions.

  9. OBJECTIVE • To analyze the association between critical hours percentageof PM2.5 as an indicator of exposure to atmospheric pollution, and the rate of hospital admissions for respiratory diseases (RD) in the Amazonian micro regions during 2004 and 2005.

  10. METHOD This ecological study uses an environmental exposure indicator known as critical hours percentage (CH%) of PM2.5. The following outcome variables were considered: rates of hospitalization due to respiratory disease in children (< 5), the elderly (> = 65) and other age groups (5 – 65), as well as rates of hospitalization for birth (15 – 45).

  11. METHOD The environmental exposure indicator was derived from the results of CATT-BRAMS Model(Coupled aerosol and trace gases transport model to the Brazilian developments of the Regional Atmospheric Modeling System) Longo et al., 2007 ; Freitas et al., 2007 The limiting value for PM2.5 violations was set to 80µg/m3.

  12. METHOD For this study the value chosen was that used by the Oregon Department of Environmental Quality, USA <{http://www.deq.state.or.us}>, which defined air quality indices for biomass burning emissions.

  13. Even using the Oregon experience, we are applying in different conditions. The level of 80 - 175 mg/m3 (Oregon) refers to right measure. In this case it is from model produced each 3 hs, and represent a spatial average equivalent to cells of the model (48x48 km2). http://www.deq.state.or.us

  14. The indicator (% of CH) is the number of observations in which the value defined as the cut-point was violated divided by the total number of observations during the year in question. The hour during which the violation occurred is called a "critical hour" and the number of critical hours is expressed as a percentage of the total number of hours of the period studied. (www.cptec.inpe.gob.br) METHOD - EXPOSURE

  15. METHOD - OUTCOME Respiratory diseases are directly related to air pollution; It is the most evident effects in human health – children and elderly are vulnerable age groups; The rates of hospitalization by birth - was chosen for comparison with the association found between RD and CH%. (www.datasus.gov.br)

  16. METHOD • The control variables were chosen to be: • average number of blood tests (per 100 inhabitants) and • HDI (Human Development Indicator) -PNUD • meteorological data as humidity, temperature, and wind direction are included at the model of exposure indicator.

  17. RESULTS

  18. Nível de exposição em “percentual de horas críticas” (%CH) para PM2,5 definido em 80 µg/m3 e coeficiente de variação entre os municípios inseridos nas microrregiões. Amazônia Legal, 2004 – 2005.

  19. Nível de exposição em “percentual de horas críticas” (%CH) para PM2,5 definido em 80 µg/m3 e coeficiente de variação entre os municípios inseridos nas microrregiões. Amazônia Legal, 2004 – 2005.

  20. RESULTS Indicator of exposure CH% for PM2,5 defined in 80 µg/m3, rates of hospitalization by RD by groups of age and by birth, average number of blood tests per 100 inhabitants, and HDI. Measurement and their correlations coefficients.

  21. Rate of hospitalization by RD by groups of age, and by birth per terciles of indicator of exposure “critical hour’s percentage” (CH%) for PM2,5 defined in 80 µg/m3 . Legal Amazon, 2004 and 2005. RESULTS Children Elderly

  22. RESULTS Rate of hospitalization by RD by groups of age, and by birth per terciles of indicator of exposure “critical hour’s percentage” (CH%) for PM2,5 defined in 80 µg/m3 . Legal Amazon, 2004 and 2005. 5 – 65 years of age Female pop 15 – 45 years of age

  23. ANOVA of rates of hospitalization by respiratory diseases for groups of age, rates of hospitalization by delivery per terciles of indicator of exposure CH% for PM2.5 defined in 80 µg/m3 RESULTS

  24. Multiple regression of rates of hospitalization by RD by groups of age, by birth and the predicts variables: %CH for PM2,5 in 80 µg/m3, Human Development Indices (HDI) , average number of blood count.

  25. CONCLUSION The percentage of critical hours of PM2.5 indicator of atmospheric pollution in the Legal Amazon region showed an association with the occurrence of RD, especially in the more vulnerable groups. This is an indirect and aggregated indicator that reflects differences in exposure to atmospheric pollutants and, therefore, opens up new approaches to the effects of forest burning on human health.

  26. Challenges... % CH of PM 2.5 limit of violation in 25 µg/m3 - 2005

  27. % CH of PM 2.5 limit of violation in 50 µg/m3 - 2005

  28. % CH of PM 2.5limit of violation in 80 µg/m3 - 2005

  29. Thank you! eignotti@uol.com.br

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