Promises Postponed

1. Promises Postponed Chapter 23 Section 5 Pages 696 - 705 Notes 6.0

2. Objectives… • Outline the efforts of various reform groups, ethnic groups and intellectuals to redefine their missions, reshape their strategies and reexamine the material direction of modern American society.

3. How did the women’s movement split after suffrage? • NAWSA  League of Women Voters • Educate female electorate • Encourage women to run for office • Support protection laws

4. Feminism • National Women’s Party  Alice Paul • Suffrage not enough • Opposed protective legislation • Represented professional and business women

6. Equal Rights Amendment • “Men and women shall have equal rights throughout the U.S. And every place subject to its jurisdiction”

7. Support for the ERA? • Alice Paul and the National Women’s Party • Protective legislation prevented women from getting more lucrative paying jobs • Stressed individualism, fair competition, equality, rights, andlaissez faire

8. Women Athletes in 1920

9. Opposed to ERA? • League of Woman Voters • National Consumers’ League • Women’s Trade Union League • More important to protect women from the reality of industrial exploitation and the concentration of women in low paying jobs where they did not compete with men.

10. Modern Feminism • ERA fails in the 20s but… • Resurfaces in the 1970s when the ERA becomes a central political issue. • Title IX- No person in the United States shall, on the basis of sex, be excluded from participation in, be denied the benefits of, or be subjected to discrimination under any education program or activity receiving Federal financial assistance

11. What gains did women make in the 1920s? • Small gains in real estate, banking, and journalism • Greater % of women in white collar jobs • 1900 – >18% worked as white collar • 1930 – 44% worked in low-paying white collar • Sheppard -Towner Act is 1st federally funded health care programs for prenatal and child health care centers • Helped rural & isolated communities

12. What encouraged Mexican immigration in the 1920s? • Mexican Revolution in 1911 • El Norte • Est. 459,000 between 1921 and 1930

13. Mexican Immigration • Agricultural expansion in SW • Irrigation and large scale agribusiness • California – fruits and vegetables • Texas - cotton • Sugar Beet fields of MN, MI, and CO • Alternated between agricultural and factory jobs • More permanent settlement

14. How were Mexicans received? • Racism and local patterns of segregation • Low paying, unskilled jobs • Inadequate housing & health care • Targets – blamed for local unemployment • Nativists wanted to limit but… • Powerful agribusiness needed immigration

15. Mexican Immigration • Mutualistas – mutual aid societies • Death benefits • Widows’ pensions • Fought for civil rights • Federation of Mexican Workers unions • League of United Latin American Citizens (LULAC) • Struggled for economic, social and racial equality

16. Harlem, NY • The Great Migration • 90,000 new arrivals • 200,000 black population • High demand for housing & low-wages • Overcrowding • Unsanitary conditions • Deterioration of housing • Disease and death rates abnormally high • Slum

17. How did Harlem become a cultural capital? • Large middle-class supported by churches, theaters, newspapers and black-owned businesses • African American intellectuals, artists, musicians, and writers • Political and intellectual center for the “New Negro” • Developed and celebrated the distinctive culture firmly rooted in history, folk culture, and experiences

18. Claude McKay • Novelist • Poet • Urged African Americans to resist prejudice and discrimination • Pain of life in black ghettos

19. Langston Hughes • Poet • Life of working-class African Americans

20. Zora Neale Hurston • Portrayed lives of poor, unschooled Southern blacks • Simple folkways and values of people who had survived slavery through their ingenuity and strength

21. Performers Josephine Baker Paul Robeson

22. Jazz • Moved from New Orleans to Chicago to New York • Joe “King” Oliver and his Creole Jazz Band

23. Louis Armstrong

24. Duke Ellington

25. Bessie Smith – highest paid black artist in the world Cab Calloway – “scat”

26. What were the politics of Harlem? • NAACP & W.E.B. DuBois • Brotherhood of the Sleeping Car Porters & A. Philip Randolph • Universal Negro Improvement Association & Marcus Garvey

27. Economic self-determination Unity among black communities in the U.S., Caribbean, and Africa Affirmed pride in black identity – Black is Beautiful! Newspaper Black Star Line

28. Marcus Garvey • UNIA • Oratory • Mass-meetings • Parades • Message of pride • Legacy • Black pride • Economic independence • Reverence for Africa

29. Harlem’s Contradiction • Clubs were strictly segregated • Symbol of white America’s ultimate good time • Average Harlemite never experienced bootleg liquor, floor shows, or the best jazz of the day

30. What was the “Lost Generation”? • Alienation of intellectuals • Disillusionment • War • Prohibition • Growing corporate power • Intolerance

31. Writers – The Age of Disillusionment • Sinclair Lewis • Ridiculed Americans for conformity and materialism • Babbitt • Main Street

32. Ernest Hemingway • Questioned idealism • World weary • Unsentimental • Criticized the war • The Sun Also Rises • From Here to Eternity

33. F. Scott Fitzgerald • Coined the term “Jazz Age” • Great Gatsby • Negative side of the period’s gaiety and freedom • Wealthy and attractive people leading imperiled lives in gilded surroundings

34. H.L. Mencken • Savage critic of middle class society • Coins phrase Scopes “Monkey” Trial • ridiculed middle class and called it the “Booboisie” • When asked why he remained in a society that he found so loathsome, he responded, “Why do people go to a zoo?”

35. Eugene O’Neill • an American playwright, and Nobel laureate in Literature. • Involved characters on the fringes of society, engaging in depraved behavior, where they struggle to maintain their hopes and aspirations, but ultimately slide into disillusionment and despair.

36. T.S. Eliot • The Waste Land (1922) • Most influential poem of the 20th century

37. Walter Lippmann • Foresaw the limits of material growth • “The erosion of religion and moral standards, along with the triumphs of the new mass culture, left Americans with nothing to believe in.” • Introduces the term “Cold War” in 1947

38. The Fugitives • Critical of industrial progress and the new mass media • Traditional authority • Respect for the past • Older agrarian ideals of antebellum South

39. The Election of 1928

40. Deep Tensions • Native-born v. immigrant • Protestant v. Catholic • Prohibition v. legal drinking • Small-town v. cosmopolitan city • Fundamentalism v. modernism • Traditional sources of culture v. new mass media

41. The election of 1928 • Al Smith • Democrat • Poor immigrant ancestry • Roman Catholic • Tammany Hall • 4 term NY Governor • Progressive reformer • Herbert Hoover • Republican • Protestant • Engineer & self-made millionaire • Humanitarian • Pro-business • Volunteerism & individualism best for public welfare

42. Strengths • New democratic power base • Fairs better in big cities of NE • Points to future control of Democrats in urban areas