Reformation Missions 1500-1800 Part 1: Heroic Action for Truth

1. Reformation Missions 1500 to 1800Part 1 For several hundred years people had attempted to reform the Church, but every attempt was met with persecution and repression until the love for the Truth compelled men to heroic action

2. Paradigm changes Guttenberg Bible • 40 presses producing 1000 books a year each • Portuguese and Spanish ships were exploring new worlds • Scandals, simony, corruption, immorality, sale of forgiveness (indulgences) in the Church demanded Reform • Number of named saints at 10,000; will go to 50,000 by 1985 • Three major movements would break away from the Roman Church

3. 3 Branches of Christianity Protestants -- Anglicans -- Anabaptists

4. Council of Trent (1545-1547) Sacramental Salvation "If anyone says that after the reception of the grace of justification the guilt is so remitted and the debt of eternal punishment so blotted out to every repentant sinner, that no debt of temporal punishment [during one's lifetime] remains to be discharged, either in this world or in Purgatory, before the gates of Heaven can be opened, let him be anathema”Council of Trent

5. St Peter's Basilica Rome The real cause of the Reformation • Indulgences based on assumption that sinners can never do enough penance to pay for their sins • They need to draw on “treasury of merits” of saints/Mary • Crusade debt was paid by sale of indulgences • St. Peter’s Basilica in Rome built on sale of indulgences • Luther opposed indulgences for the dead in purgatory without their confession and contrition • Tetzel’s slogan: “As soon as the coin in the coffer rings, the soul from purgatory springs”

6. The Spread of the Printing Press

7. The Holy Roman Empire in the 16c

8. Martin Luther 1529 Martin Luther (1483-1546) • Parish priest, University professor posts 95 thesis on door of Wittenberg castle church doors Oct 13, 1517. • Printed and distributed throughout Europe • Lecturing on Romans discovered the “passive righteousness” which justifies the sinner by faith • Appeared at Diet of Worms in 1521, given 60 days to recant • Kidnapped by Prince Frederick’s men, protected in castle • Translated NT into German in 11 weeks – still published • Model ministry: met daily and twice on Sunday for Bible teaching • Luther married a former nun, had six children; disciples resided in his home

9. 5 Key distinctives of Lutheran Reformation • Justification by faith alone (sola fide) • Salvation by grace alone (sola gratia) • Only the Bible as the authority for doctrine and practice (sola scriptura) • The priesthood of the believer and Christ was the only mediator between God and humanity. God spoke directly to the believer-priest through His Word. • Promotion of congregational singing with the first hymnbook

10. The Spread of Lutheranism

11. The Peasant Revolt - 1525

12. John Calvin John Calvin (1509-1564) • French student of philosophy, law and humanities, which he later applied to theology • Wrote Institutes of the Christian Religion as a reasonable explanation of the Protestant faith • Invited to Geneva to teach and lead Reformation movement (state-religion government) • Taught from a logic-based argument, instead of inductive Unregenerate men are dead. Dead men are unable to respond to anything. Therefore, men are unable to respond to the gospel.

13. Calvin’s World in the 16c

14. ProtestantChurchesinFrance(Late 16c)

15. Zwingli 1531 Swiss Reformation: Zwingli (1484-1531) • Priest of Zurich, student of Erasmus • Discovered conflicts between Bible and Catholic doctrine: esp. Mary • Presented 67 Articles to town council and convinced them to only follow the Bible (not the pope). • Of 15 major doctrinal issues, Zwingli agreed with Luther on 14. • Sacramentarian Controversy split Reformers: Eucharist was representative (Zwingli) or literal substance at consumption (Luther) • Some of Zwingli’s Greek students discovered believer’s baptism

16. Felix Manz drowned 1527 Dirk Willems saves pursuer who captures him & burns him Anabaptists • Conrad Grebel and Felix Manz broke from Zwinbelievers, not babies • Anabaptist: “re-baptizers” • Called for elimination of mandatory tithe, usury, and military service – wanted a self-governing church free of state • Condemned by council of Zurich in 1525 and persecuted viciously by Catholics, Lutherans and Calvinists • Not a single group, but at lest 4 distinct movements began • Basic beliefs: separation of church and state, liberty to believe according to conscience, church gli for refusal to admit baptism was only for of willing believers, believer’s baptism, Immersion, premillennialism, free will, separation from sin, Lord’s Table a memorial, discipleship in godly living and commitment to building a NT church – not reforming a dead one. • Revived ancient law of Theodosius (375) against Donatists which decreed capital punishment for rebaptizing of repenters from apostatizing under persecution

17. 4 Anabaptist Groups • Radical Anabaptists: bring in the kingdom with the sword • Thomas Muntzer • Part of the Peasant’s Revolt, which provoked retaliation • Rational Anabaptists: spark of divinity, anti-Trinitarian, pantheistic, allegorized the Bible into cosmic philosophy • Spiritualist Anabaptists: prophecy of end-times, attempted to set up a theocracy (as Montanus) • Biblical Anabaptists: communal, pacifists, individual faith and witness. • Became modern day Mennonites, Amish • Step-father to Baptists, Methodists and Non-denominational

18. Menno Simons Schleitheim Confession of Anabaptists (Mennonites) • True believers are to be disciples of Jesus – not just in name • Acting on principles of love, they are to be pacifists (neither war nor defense of self) • Congregational view of church authority • Believers are priests to each other and evangelists to world • Separation of Church and State, allowing a “free, unforced, uncompelled people.”

19. The Anabaptists Dutch persecution of Anabaptists (Mennonites)

20. John Knox – Scotland (1510-1572) • Turned the Scottish church to Calvinism • Considered the founder of the Presbyterian denomination • Boldly taught that all ceremonies not specifically taught in the Bible are idolatry, especially the Mass • The castle where he resided was captured by French and he spent 19 months as a galley prison chained to an oar • Released in England, leads Reformation until Queen Mary returns England to Catholicism and persecution • Fled to Geneva (1554), then back and forth • Return Edinburgh he was declared an outlaw; provoked a revolution with his preaching

21. Henry VIII King of England Henry VIII (1491-1547) breaks with Rome • First wife bore a daughter, Mary, and no sons with his first wife • Declared himself the Supreme Head of the Church of England to annul his former wedding. • With second wife, Anne Boleyn, Edward VI was born and became king • Edward VI installed Thomas Cranmer as Archbishop to effect more Protestant reforms • When Edward died Mary took the throne restoring Catholicism, had Cranmer executed and purged England of Protestants • After ”Bloody” Mary died, for 100 years England vacillated between the power of the state vs. power of the Church • From 1649-1660 the State Presbyterian Church ruled until Charles II restored Anglicanism, but eventually accepted a pluralism of Church of England, Catholicism and Puritanism

22. ReformationEurope(Late 16c)

23. Puritans and Separatists • Puritans felt English Reformation had not changed sufficiently – remained too much Roman Catholic • “Puritan” came for earlier reformers, the “Cathars,”Pure ones. • Sought to change government from episcopacy to Presbyterianism and reform the Book of Common Prayer • They were non-separating Puritans (remained within Church of England) • Separatists, or “Nonconformists,” were Puritans who left the Church of England • Often persecuted and fled to other countries • Mostly over parts of the Book of Common Prayer to avoid or use • They would become known as the Congregationalists.

24. Beliefs of Puritans • Emphasis on private study of the Bible • Desire to see education for the masses, especially so they could read the Bible. • The priesthood of all believers. • Simplicity in worship without vestments, images and candles. • Refusal to celebrate the traditional holidays • Believed that the Sabbath is obligatory for believers. • Some wanted a Presbyterian model hierarchy, while other wanted a Congregational model.

25. Spanish Empire: N and S America, Africa, Philippines Portuguese overseas Empire Catholic Counter Reformation • By 1501 there were Catholic colonies in S. Africa • By 1515 Catholicism established in most of Latin America, Central Africa. • Before the Protestant Plymouth Rock (Separatist settlers in 1620), there were 7 Catholic Universities in C. America! • Jesuit priests had been in the Colombian Amazon jungle for 400 years before I arrived as the first evangelical missionary • Pope makes Line of Demarcation to avoid wars between Spain and Portugal