Animal Science Frameworks Presentation Unit 2

1. Animal Science Frameworks Presentation Unit 2 Mr. Sullivan

2. Mendel’s Contributions to the Study of Genetics • In the mid-1800's, an Austrian monk named Gregor Mendel conducted experimental crosses with pea plants to understand the basic patterns of inheritance. • Mendel's approach provided the basis for modern genetics.

3. Mendel's Four Principles of Inheritance • Genes In Pairs: Genetic characters are controlled by unit factors (genes) that exist in pairs in individual organisms. • Dominance and Recessive ness: When two unlike unit factors responsible for a single character are present in a single individual, one unit factor is dominant to the other, which is said to be recessive. • The Principle of Segregation: During the formation of gametes, the paired unit factors separate (segregate) randomly so that each gamete receives one or the other with equal likelihood. • The Principle of Independent Assortment: During gamete formation, segregating pairs of unit factors assort independently of each other.

4. The Functions of Cells • Cells: the cell theory states that a cell is the basic unit of life. • All organisms are made up of one or more cells.

5. Cells Must: • Take up nutrients from the external environment. • Excrete waste products into the external environment. • They must work to make the organism survive. • Reproduce

6. Functions of Chromosomes • Chromosomes are small strands of genetic material that reside in the nucleus. • They are made of a compound that controls inheritance. • The compound is DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid).

7. Functions of Genes • Chromosomes contain genes • Genes are small pieces of DNA • They tell cells what to do • The color of your hair and various other physical characteristics are thanks to your genes

8. Genotype • The genotype of an animal is its actual genetic code. • It can NOT be changed by environmental factors.

9. Phenotype • The appearance of an animal. • Some phonotypical traits can be changed with contributors to environment.

10. Pure Breeding • Inbreeding: is the mating of closely related animals. • Linebreeding: is the mating of related animals that are not immediate family members.

11. Crossbreeding • Crossbreeding or Outbreeding: is the mating of animals that are not related.

12. Factors to Consider in Selecting Breeding Animals • Mate the “Best” with the “Best” • The most recent and useful data to observe is the Expected Progeny Difference commonly called the EPD.

13. Expected Progeny Difference (EPD) • EPDs are records of relatives within and without the herd (even dead ancestors).

14. Genetic Engineering and its Effect on the Livestock Industry • Genetic Engineering is a process that begun with the domestication of livestock. • From the first human decisions made as to what animals should be culled from a herd to the latest efforts in embryo transplanting and cloning (which is done excessively without public knowledge).

15. Genetic Engineering and its Effect on the Livestock Industry • The most predominant effect on the livestock industry is the dramatic depletion of the Small Farmer • Those producers not able to incorporate the latest technological advances in their production fall behind.