Reconstruction (1865-1876)

1. Reconstruction (1865-1876)

2. Lincoln’s Philosophy “With malice toward none; with charity for all; with firmness in the right, as God gives us to see the right, let us strive on to finish the work we are in; to bind up the nation's wounds; to care for him who shall have borne the battle, and for his widow, and his orphan-to do all which may achieve and cherish a just and lasting peace among ourselves, and will all nations.” How will Lincoln treat the South?

3. Key Questions 1. How do webring the Southback into the Union? 4. What branchof governmentshould controlthe process ofReconstruction? 2. How do we rebuild the South after itsdestruction during the war? 3. How do weintegrate andprotect newly-emancipatedblack freedmen?

4. President Lincoln’s Plan • Proclamation of Amnesty and Reconstruction (December 8, 1863) • 10% Plan • 1864  “Lincoln Governments” formed in LA, TN, AR

5. Congress Responds Wade-Davis Bill (1864) • “Conquered Provinces” Position[PA Congressman Thaddeus Stevens] • 50% Loyalty Plan CongressmanHenryW. Davis(R-MD) SenatorBenjaminWade(R-OH)

6. Freedmen’s Bureau (1865) • Purpose? • Success and Failures? Plenty to eat and nothing to do.

7. Freedmen’s Bureau Seen Through Southern Eyes • “carpetbaggers AND scalawags” • “meddlesome fed agency threaten white supremacy” • KKK and Education

8. Southern who did not understand the North but who “betrayed the South” Democrat in a Republican govt. Holds High Political office but not by election White Supremacist Anti-Planter Aristocrat Defender of St. Rights and Constitution I Am a Political MisfitWho Am I?

9. President Andrew Johnson Damn the negroes! I am fighting these traitorous aristocrats, their masters!

10. Presidential Reconstruction

11. President Johnson’s Plan (10%+) • Offered amnesty upon simple oath to all except Confederate civil and military officers and those with property over $20,000 (they could apply directly to Johnson) • Mass Pardons – hundreds in a day, 7,000 by 1866 • In new constitutions, they must accept minimumconditions repudiating slavery, secession and state debts. • Made up of only WHITE Delegates • Named provisional governors in Confederate states and called them to oversee elections for constitutional conventions. 1. Disenfranchised certain leading Confederates. 2. Pardoned planter aristocrats brought them back to political power to control state organizations. EFFECTS? 3. Republicans were outraged that planter elite were back in power in the South!

12. Congress Responds • Established special Committee • Many Southern state constitutions fell short of minimum requirements. • Johnson granted 13,500 special pardons. • Revival of southern defiance. BLACK CODES

13. Slavery is Dead?

14. Black Codes • Purpose: • Guarantee stable labor supply now that blacks were emancipated. • Restore pre-emancipationsystem of race relations. • Forced many blacks to become sharecroppers[tenant farmers].

16. Congress Breaks with the President • Congress bars SouthernCongressional delegates. • Joint Committee on Reconstruction created and proposes both Freedmen’s Bureau and Civil Rights act 1866 • President vetoed BOTH • Congress passed both bills over Johnson’s vetoes  1st in U. S. history!!

17. 14th Amendment • Proposed in 1866; Ratified in July, 1868. • Birth Right Citizenship • Equal Protection and Due Process of Law • How to Ratify?

18. Johnson’s “Swing around the Circle” The 1866 Bi-Election • Johnson Reacts to 14th • “Sinful 11” reject it • A referendum on Radical Reconstruction. • Republicanswon a 3-1majority in both houses and gained control of every northern state. VETO

19. Radical (Congressional) Reconstruction

20. Reconstruction Acts of 1867 • Military Reconstruction Act • Restart Reconstruction • Create 5 military districts. • Impose Martial Law • Spoiler Alert: What does second date =? • Redeemer Gov’t

21. Reconstruction Acts of 1867 • Command of the Army Act • Tenure of Office Act • Designed to protect radicalmembers of Lincoln’s government. • A question of the constitutionality of this law. Edwin Stanton

22. President Johnson’s Impeachment • Johnson removed Stanton in February, 1868. • Johnson replaced generals in the field who were more sympathetic to Radical Reconstruction. • The House impeached him on February 24 by a vote of 126 – 47!

23. The Senate Trial • Reasons for acquittal? • 11 week trial. • Johnson acquitted 35 to 19 (one short of required 2/3s vote).

24. The Abandonment of Reconstruction

25. Northern Support Wanes • “Grantism” & corruption. • Panic of 1873 [6-yeardepression]. • Concern over westwardexpansion and Indian wars. • Compromise of 1877

26. The Grant Administration (1868-1876)

27. Waving the Bloody Shirt! Republican “Southern Strategy”

28. Grant Administration Scandals • Grant presided over an era of unprecedented growth and corruption. • Credit Mobilier Scandal. • Whiskey Ring. • The “Indian Ring.”

29. The Panic of 1873 • It raises “the moneyquestion.” • debtors seek inflationarymonetary policy bycontinuing circulation of greenbacks. • creditors, intellectuals support hard money. • 1875  Specie Redemption Act. • 1876  Greenback Party formed & makes gains in congressional races  The “Crime of ’73’!

30. 1876 Presidential Election

31. The Political Crisis of 1877 • “Corrupt Bargain”Part II? • Compromise of 1877 ENDS Reconstruction!

32. Hayes Prevails

34. Black "Adjustment" in the South

35. Sharecropping

36. Sharecropping System

37. Blacks in Southern Politics • Core voters were black veterans. • Blacks were politically unprepared. • Blacks could register and vote in states since 1867. • The 15th Amendment guaranteedfederal voting.

38. 15th Amendment • Ratified in 1870. • The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any state on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude. • Women’s rights groups were furious that they were not granted the vote!

39. Colored Rulein the South?

40. The “Invisible Empire of the South”

41. The Failure of Federal Enforcement • Enforcement Acts of 1870 & 1871 [also known as the KKK Act]. • “The Lost Cause.” • Redeemers(prewarDemocrats and Union Whigs).

42. Legal Status for Blacks • The Civil Rights Act of 1875 • Crime for any individual to deny full &equal use of public conveyances andpublic places. • Prohibited discrimination in jury selection. • Shortcoming lacked a strong enforcement mechanism. • No new civil rights act was attemptedfor 90 years! • Plessy v. Ferguson and Jim Crow

43. Establishment of Historically Black Colleges in the South

44. Black Senate & House Delegates

45. The Tweed Ring in NYC William Marcy Tweed (notorious head of Tammany Hall’s political machine) [Thomas Nast crusading cartoonist/reporter]

46. Who Stole the People’s Money?

47. And They Say He Wants a Third Term

48. The Election of 1872 • Rumors of corruption during Grant’s first term discredit Republicans. • Horace Greeley runsas a Democrat/LiberalRepublican candidate. • Greeley attacked as afool and a crank. • Greeley died on November 29, 1872!

49. Legal Challenges • The Slaughterhouse Cases (1873) • Bradwell v. IL (1873) • U. S. v. Cruickshank (1876) • U. S. v. Reese (1876)

50. Jeff Davis Under Arrest