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Evolution of Orthopaedics: A Historical Perspective

Explore the historical journey of orthopaedics from its origins in Greece to modern-day practices, including key figures like Hugh Owen Thomas and Agnes Hunt. Understand the musculoskeletal system, functions of bones, and anatomy of the skeletal system. Discover the classification of bones and their diverse roles in the human body.

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Evolution of Orthopaedics: A Historical Perspective

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  1. MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM March 2019

  2. Historical Perspective of ORTHOPAEDICS • Orthopedikadalahcabangilmubedah, berhubungandenganpemeliharaandanpemulihanfungsisistemrangka, persendian, danstrukturyang berkaitan. • Bedahorthopediadalahsuatutindakanbedahuntukmemulihkankondisidisfungsimuskuloskeletal

  3. Derived from two Greek words, • orthos= straight and paidos= child. • “The art of Correcting and Preventing Deformities in Children” • Was introduced in 1741 by Nicolas Andre. • First Orthopaedic Institute was founded in Switzerland in 1780 • Orthopaedic practitioners were known as “strap-and-buckle” as they use the appliances to straighten body and limbs

  4. HUGH OWEN THOMAS (1834-1891) was known for his ability to set broken bones and reduce dislocated joints

  5. AGNES HUNT (1862-1948) “The Florence Nightingale of Orthopaedic Nursing”

  6. What is musculoskeletal? • Muscle • Otot • Tendon • Ligamen • Skeletal/ rangka • Tulang • Sendi • Musculoskeletal system enables changes in movement (pergerakan) and position (bentuk tubuh)

  7. Review of the Skeletal System Functions of the Bones Primary function is to produce : skeletalmovements (pergerakan) • 1. Locomotion- memberikanpergerakan (ototberhubungandengankontraksidanpergerakan). • 2. Protection- melindungi organ tubuh  (jantung, otak, paru-paru, danjaringanlunak). • 3. Support- mendukungjaringantubuhdanmemberikanbentuktubuh

  8. 4. Blood production- membentuksel-seldarahmerah di dalamsumsumtulang  (hematopoesis) 5. Mineral deposition- menyimpangaram-garam mineral (kalsium, fosfor, magnesium danfluor).

  9. SKELETAL SYSTEM • Tulangadalahjaringan yang paling kerasdiantarajaringanikatlainnya yang terdiriatas: hampir 50 % air danbagianpadat, selebihnya mineral (calcium)kuranglebih67 % danbahanseluler33%.

  10. GROSS ANATOMY OF THE BONES • A. Axial= 80 • B. Appendicular= 126

  11. A. AXIAL • Skull • Cranium 8 • Face 14 • Hyoid 1 • Auditory ossicles 6 • Vertebral column 26 • Thorax • Sternum 1 • Ribs 24 TOTAL 80

  12. I. SKULL-(Brain box) • CRANIUM • Frontal 1 bone of the forehead • Parietal 2 roof • Temporal 2 sides of the cranium • Occipital 1 back of the head • Ethmoid 1 anterior floor of cranium • Sphenoid 1 posterior floor of cranium

  13. II. FACE • Maxilla 2 upper jaw • Mandible 1 lower jaw • Zygomatic 2 cheek bones • Nasal 2 sides of the nose • Vomer 1 nasal septum • Lacrimal 2 help form orbit • Inferior conchae 2 sides, nasal cavity • Palatine 2 mouth, interior

  14. Every bone is connected to another bone , with one exception “Hyoid”

  15. Auditory ossicles • Malleus 2 • Incus 2 • Stapes 2

  16. III. BONES OF THE TRUNK (Anterior) • Sternum (Breastbone) • A. Manubrium • B. Body • C. Xyphoid process

  17. RIBS (Antero-posterior) • True 7 pairs Attached to the sternum FALSE Ribs: • False 3 pairs Attached to the true ribs • Floating 2 pairs Attached to the vertebra

  18. VERTEBRAL COLUMN • Cervical (7)

  19. Thoracic vertebra (12)

  20. Lumbar vertebrae 5 • Sacrum 1 • Coccyx 1

  21. B. APPENDICULAR • I. Pectoral Girdle: bones attach arms to the trunk • Clavicle (shoulder) 2 • Scapula (shoulder blade) 2

  22. II. Upper Extremities • Humerus (upper arm bone) 2 • Radius (lateral bone of lower arm) 2 • Ulna (medial arm bone) 2 • Carpals (wrist bones) 14 • Metacarpals (palm bones) 10 • Phalanges (finger bones) 28

  23. III. Lower Limb • Pelvic Girdle (2) (attaches lower extremities to the trunk) • 1. Ilium 2. Ischium 3. Pubis

  24. Lower Extremities • 1. Femur (upper leg bone) 2 • 2. Patella (knee bone) 2 • 3. Tibia (lower leg bone, medial) 2 • 4. Fibula (lower leg bone, lateral) 2 • 5. Tarsal bones 14 • 6. Metatarsals 10 • 7. Phalanges 28

  25. DID YOU KNOW? • Olecranon process • Medial malleolus • Lateral malleolus

  26. CLASSIFICATION • Long bones: long, wide, found in the upper and lower extremities (humerus, radius, ulna, femur, tibia, fibula, metatarsals, metacarpals, phalanges) • Short bones: do not have long axis, cubical (carpals, tarsals) • Flat bones: provide soft body parts, provide large surfaces for muscle attachments (ribs, cranium, scapula, portion of pelvic girdle) • Irregular bones: have various shapes (vertebrae, ear ossicles, facial bones, pelvis)

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