Positive Emotions (continued)

1. Positive Emotions (continued) Class 19

2. SUBJECTIVE WELL-BEING

3. Pleasant affect Unpleasant affect Life satisfaction Domain satisfactions Joy Guilt and shame Desire to change life Work Elation Sadness Satisfaction w’ current life Family Contentment Anxiety and worry Satisfaction with past Leisure Pride Anger Satisfaction with future Health Affection Stress Sig. others’ view of one’s life Finances Happiness Depression Self Ecstacy Envy One’s group Subjective Well Being: Ingredients?

4. Does Not Predict SWB Does Predicts SWB Income Social contacts, soc. integration Age Goals: IQ a. Congruent goals Attractiveness b. Meeting goals Not having psychopathology Genes (40%-80%) Personality (+ extroversion, optimism) - Neuroticism Culture (+ in Latin countries) What Does, and Doesn’t, Predict SWB?

5. SWB and Income

6. Goals and Subjective Well Being (SWB) SWB enhanced by pursuing intrinsically satisfying goals Prison evidence: I need self-acceptance, meaning Suffer more I need biceps, abs Suffer less Goals that meet fundamental needs  happiness Goals and culture West promotes self-completion, pers. goals  happy East promotes community, social goals  happy Internally congruent goals Likes activity, outdoors, excite. ___ Fireman? ___ CEO?

7. Strong Campbell Interests Inventory Influencing: Leadership, law, etc. Organizing: Supervision, admin, etc. Helping: Counseling, medicine, etc. Creating: Art/design, cooking, writing Analyzing: Math, science Producing: Mechanics, programming Adventuring: Athletics, military, etc.

8. Happiness and Heath: The Nun Study Happiness  more Immunoglobulin A (S-igA) Longer life Nun study   * Sample = convent nuns * Review convent applications, why want to be a nun * Rate applications for happy vs. negative tone Happy: Glory of God, rapture, serenity Unhappy: Avoid sin, teach damnation * Survival rates 60 years later Happy nuns: 80% still alive Unhappy nuns: 55% still alive

9. Self Structure and Well Being Actual Self: Who you truly are, heart of hearts, at your core. Values, likes, desires Other selves: Self as student, friend, son/daughter, etc. Self Congruence: Are all your various “selves” consistent with your “actual self” Traits: Qualities that make up your selves: (pos. = skilled, kindly, competent; neg = selfish, lazy, jealous, etc.) Negative Elaboration (NE): Degree that different kinds of negative traits apply to your different selves. QUESTION: How do congruence and NE affect SWB?

10. Happy With Being a Mom(Reich, Harber, & Siegel, 2008) Participants: 33 first time expectant mothers Time 1: Self structure reporting BEFORE giving birth a. Self-congruence: How much does “real me” fit with: (1) me as a mother (2) me with the father of my child b. Neg. Elaboration (NE): How much are my various selves (real me, me as mother, me with child’s father) filled with negative traits? Time 2: Feelings of depression AFTER giving birth

11. 12 10 8 low NE Depression 6 high NE 4 2 0 LOW HIGH Depression Post-Childbirth maternal self-congruence Note. NE: Negative elaboration. Amount of neg. traits w/n “selves” Maternal self-congruence: whether or not actual self contains me as an expecting mother and/or me with father of my child

12. The Mystery of Laughter

13. Laughter is essentially a social phenomenon Other species “laugh” Chimp panting Rats chirping Functions of laughter Social bonding Coping Dark side of laughing Derision, in-group insularity & out-group rejection Giggling enuresis Laughter in church phenomenon Much still unknown

15. Down Side of Being Up? Feb. 2001: USS Greenville has civil. visitors, shows the fun of crash surface--sinks Japanese fishing boat! Happiness leads to less careful thinking: heuristics, stereotypes. (But more creative!) Unhappiness: more vigilant, more critical (but more rigid)

16. Anger and Aggression Class 20

17. Anger and Aggression What gets us angry—what kinds of situations, people? Is anger more common with friends, family, strangers, competitors/adversaries? Is anger a positive or negative emotion? Does anger ever do any good? Would humans be better off without anger?

18. Causes of Aggression Territoriality Impeding free action (B.F. Skinner, Behaviorism) Maintaining Social Hierarchies Social hierarchies common across species, cultures Hierarchies maintained by threats Aggressive sequence: Aggression  Surrender  Reconciliation Frustration and Aggression

19. Frustration and Aggression Theory Basic Idea: Aggression arises when basic goals, needs, desires are frustrated. Aggression a form of displacement Lindzey, G. 1950: Frustration  Prejudice Frustrate subjects (40 Harvard males, 20 high anti-sem, 20 low anti-sem) 1. Can’t eat, drink 12 hrs before study 2. Drink 1 QT water, can’t pee 3. Clumsy blood test 4. Failure at group task 5. Outcome – anti-sem subs show increased anti-Semitism

20. Punishment and Rewards Due to Own Discomfort(Berkowitz, et al. 1981) General Effect

21. Giving Punishment that Supposedly Helps Performance vs. Punishment that Hurts Performance, Due to Own Discomfort (Berkowitz, et al. 1981)

22. Giving Punishment that Supposedly Helps Performance vs. Punishment that Hurts Performance, Due to Own Discomfort (Berkowitz, et al. 1981)

23. Terror Management Theory and Aggression Human Dilemma Humans only species aware of its own mortality Humans, like all animals, instinctively flee danger BUT Mortality awareness is danger humans can’t flee Culture provides defense against “existential terror” of mortality awareness. * Promise of immortality (e.g., religion) * Promise of meaningful life, transcends mortality

24. Threat to Cultural Worldview and Violence If mortality is greatest fear, and If cultural worldview is my only defense against mortality fears, Then how do I feel towards those who challenge my cultural worldview? Murder for religious, ideological beliefs Martyrdom for religious, ideological beliefs

25. Terror Mgt and Violence: Experimental Evidence Mortality Salience Manipulation Briefly write describe the emotions that the thought of your own death arouse in you. Jot down, as specifically as you can, what you think will happen to you as you physically die. Control Condition Neutral: Write about eating a meal, watching TV Control Condition Negative: Dental pain, social rejection

26. Results of Terror Mgt Experiments Hostile Attitudes Increased Anti-Semitism Harsher criminal sentences to repeat offenders Harsher ratings of anti USA essay writer Increased hostility to African Americans Hostile Behavior Distance from Turk vs. fellow German Hot sauce administered to person with opposing views

27. Culture and Aggression: Yanomamo and Inuit

28. Culture and Aggression Interdependent Cultures: Utku Environ. requires cooperation and tolerance Adios to crazy, savage researcher Individualistic/Pride Based Culture: Yanomamo Environment more benign, cooperation less necessary Let’s rip-off the sappy researcher What is the MOST violent industrialized society? USA

29. Violence in the USA Percent of adolescent boys involved in 1 + fights 50% 25% Percent of adolescent girls involved in 1 + fights 23% Percent of adolescents who bring knife to school 3-5% Percent of adolescents who bring gun to school 8% Percent of men 12-19 encounter violent crime All stats under-reported

30. Individualistic vs. Collectivist Cultures Individualistic: Self interest promoted "I Self" Collectivist: Group interest promoted "We self" Individualist: Your gain can be my loss Collectivist: Your gain is our gain is my gain Violence in "we self" culture is bizarre; like self- mutilation. BUT: Also authoritarian vs. libertarian societies

31. “Thanatos”: Instinct for Destruction (Freud) Destruction, mayhem is fun Movies, novels, plays, video games “That dog is gonna die” movies—justify our blood lust. Does anger do any good???

32. DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE When in the course of human events, it becomes necessary for one people to dissolve the political bands which have connected them with another, …., a decent respect to the opinions of mankind requires that they should declare the causes which impel them to the separation. ….But when a long train of abuses and usurpations, pursuing invariably the same Object, evinces a design to reduce them under absolute despotism, it is their right, it is their duty, to throw off such government, … .   The history of the present King of Great Britain is a history of repeated injuries and usurpations, all having in direct object the establishment of an absolute Tyranny over these States.

33. Cooperate Defect Cooperate Both gain small reward Player #1 gains big reward, #2 looses Defect Player #2 gains big reward, #1 looses Both player loose Prisoners’ Dilemma Cooperation Game Player 1 Player 2

34. HOSTILE EMOTIONS AND RELATIONSHIPS: ANY GOOD ONES? Contempt Anger Withdrawal Whining Not Good Sometimes Good Not Good Not Good

35. Function of Anger in Interpersonal Relationships(Averill, 1981) Subjects: 80 married, 80 singles Subs complete daily emotion self-reports Results: 66% report anger 1-2 a week 44% annoyance once a day Anger due to: frustration, violation of expectation, lost of pride, damage to property, self Anger source: Most often someone known, liked Why get angry? Assert authority, rights Change the offender Strengthen relationship

36. Does Anger do Any Good? Averill, continued Feelings about being angry: most DON’T like it Was expression of anger beneficial? Percent of Expressers saying yes: Percent of Targets saying yes: 62% 70% Anger  relationship readjustment Anger is act of commitment, is pledge to see problem through But, anger can lead to cycle of violence

37. Seeing Others' Emotions Through Body Movement Chouchourelou, Matsuka, Harber, & Shiffrar, 2006