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THE RAPID GROWTH OF INDUSTRY 1840-1860

THE RAPID GROWTH OF INDUSTRY 1840-1860. Obj : To understand how technological improvements increased industrial productivity by looking at the factors that encouraged industrial growth. THE INDUSTRIAL NORTH TECHNOLOGY: application of science to improving conveniences of life - 1829.

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THE RAPID GROWTH OF INDUSTRY 1840-1860

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  1. THE RAPID GROWTH OF INDUSTRY1840-1860 Obj: To understand how technological improvements increased industrial productivity by looking at the factors that encouraged industrial growth.

  2. THE INDUSTRIAL NORTHTECHNOLOGY: application of science to improving conveniences of life - 1829 • NORTHEAST RESPONSIBLE FOR ½ OF U.S. PRODUCTION ON EVE OF CIVIL WAR • SHIFT IN ENERGY SOURCE LEADS TO CHANGE IN FACTORY SYSTEM • H20 TO COAL • COAL: TRANSPORTED CHEAPLY, HEAT FOR SMELTING & METALWORKING, STEAMPOWER –FACTORIES NOW CAN BE BUILT ANYWHERE • FACTORIES OPERATE 24/7 • EMBRACING TECHNOLOGICAL CHANGE GREATEST TRIUMPH • SANDUSKY WHEEL WORKS, OHIO

  3. TECHNOLOGICAL CHANGE • RESOURCEFULNESS REQUIRED DUE TO DEMANDS OF SOCIETY IN FLUX • MORE SOPHISTICATED & RELIABLE TOOLS • SHORTAGE OF LABOR SO NEED LABOR SAVING DEVICES • IMPROVE OLD MACHINES & DESIGN NEW ONES • USE OF INTERCHANGEABLE PARTS – Whitney first for musket parts • NEW DISCOVERIES OF NATURAL RESOURCES AS MIGRATE WEST

  4. LABOR: SKILLED & UNSKILLED • PRODUCTION EXPANDS & DIVISION OF LABOR MORE COMPLEX • SOCIAL DIVISIONS MORE APPARENT • SKILLED LABOR ALWAYS IN DEMAND BUT CREATIVITY A MUST DUE TO INCREASE IN TECHNOLOGY • UNSKILLED LABOR ALWAYS HAS WORK BUT NEVER ENOUGH PAY • NEW WAY OF PRODUCTION: • EXPAND ON LOWELL & WALTHAM • WAGE WORK BECOMES END IN ITSELF • CONTINUOUS MANUFACTURING PROCESS BUT NOT YET MASS PRODUCTION

  5. IMMIGRATION • WESTERN EUROPE PUSH – POTATO FAMINE IN IRELAND & REVOLUTION IN GERMANY • 1820 to 1860, 1,956,557 IRISH ARRIVED; 75% OF THESE AFTER THE GREAT FAMINE 1840-1852 • BETWEEN 1840-1880 GERMANS LARGEST IMMIGRANT GROUP • LANGUAGE HELD THEM TOGETHER & CREATED SELF SUFFICIENT GERMAN COMMUNITIES (LEVI STRAUSS, STEINWAY) • 5 MILLION 1815-1860; 4.2 MILL 1840-60; 3 MILL 1845-52 • LOWELL & WALTHAM SYSTEMS AT LEAST 50% IRISH IMMIGRANTS BY 1850 • CHEAP LABOR, WILLING TO WORK LONG HOURS, HARSH CONDITIONS & YOUNG WOMEN & THEIR FAMILIES NOT WILLING (MIDDLE CLASS) • POOR WHITE WOMEN & THEIR CHILDREN WILL FIND PAID WORK TO HELP THEIR HOUSEHOLD INCOME • LABOR DEMANDS INCREASE AS ESTABLISHED FOLKS MOVE WEST • GERMANS MOVE BECAUSE MANY HAVE MONEY, IRISH STAY IN BOSTON, NY & PHILLY BECAUSE THEY HAVE NO MONEY • OLD IMMIGRANTS AS OPPOSED TO NEW IMMIGRANTS OF EARLY 19TH C.

  6. *CITIES SEEN AS MOST DEMOCRATIC OF PLACES*AVERAGE ANNUAL SALARY $300*BIRTHRATE FOR POOR INCREASES*ECONOMIC GAP WIDENS*SOCIETY MORE STRATIFIED*INDUSTRIALIZATION BROUGHT POVERTY*STILL BELIEVE IN IDEOLOGY OF DEMOCRATICEGALITARIANISM

  7. CITY LIVING & URBAN PROBLEMS • HOUSES CHANGE: ROW BRICK HOUSES FOR M.C. & TENEMENTS FOR POOR • FURNITURE MFG. INCREASES, PRICE DECLINES & M.C. TAKES ADVANTAGE OF THIS • RURAL AREAS HOUSING DEPENDED ON SETTLEMENT DATE & SOCIAL CLASS: LOG CABINS, FRAME HOUSES • EVERYDAY LIFE PRIMITIVE FOR MOST BUT IMPROVING DAILY • TRANSPORTATION & INDUSTRY IMPROVE HEATING, COOKING, DIET, WATER WORKS SYSTEMS IN CITIES • SALT FOR PRESERVATION OF FOOD, ONLY RICH COULD AFFORD SUGAR FOR FRUIT • SANITATION, RUNNING H2O, HOGS & HORSES IN THE STREETS CREATED SEVER CHALLENGES: DISEASE & HEALTH ISSUES – YELLOW FEVER, CHOLERA NEW ORLEANS 1832-33, ST. LOUIS 10% POPULATION DIES FROM CHOLERA 1849, LIFE EXPECTANCY IN PHILLY & NY 24 DURING THE 30’S & 40’S • CITIES UNPREPARED FOR MASSIVE INFLUX OF IMMIGRANTS • CITIES DIVERSE AND THEREFORE DEMOCRATIC • F. L. OLMSTEAD & CENTRAL PARK, NY 1852 – REALLY FOR THE RICH, REMOVED • SENECA VILLAGE – COMMUNITY OF FREE BLACKS

  8. AGRICULTURAL IMPROVEMENTS • WESTERN FARMING DEVELOPING • FARMING BECOMES MECHANIZED WITH JOHN DEERE TRACTOR & MC-CORMICK REAPER • TOWNS SETTLE ALONG EAST/WEST TRADE ROUTES • 1851 11K REAPERS MANUFACTURED • DEERE ALLOWS FOR PLOWING & TILLING OF PRARIE SOIL (DUSTBOWL IN THE ‘30’S) 1852 4k A YEAR • COTTON STILL MOST VALUABLE EXPORT & WITH MORE COTTON DEMAND FOR COTTON GOODS INCREASE

  9. 2ND PHASE OF TRANSPORTATION REVOLUTION RAILROAD 1ST MODERN BUSINESS ENTERPRISE • SHIFT IN INTERNAL COMMERCE – NOW FRESHNESS VALUE IMPORTANT • B&O 1830; 1840 3K MILES 1860 30,500 • 4 COMPANIES CONTROL LINES FROM EAST TO INTERIOR • SOUTHERN CITIES DEVELOP; ATLANTA CHATTANOOGA BUT CITIES SLOW TO DEVELOP, • RISE OF INVESTMENT BANKER TO FINANCE RR BUT WITH 1837 PANIC FUNDS DRY UP; PANIC DOESN’T HIT SOUTH AS HARD • FINANCING PRIVATE INVESTORS, EURO-PEANS, GOVERNMENT BONDS • MISSISSIPPI RIVER LOSES IMPORTANCE; SOUTH ISOLATED, SCATTERED POPULATION, LACK OF RR, SLAVERY

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