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Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine

Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine. “Glow-in-the-dark” dogs!. What is stem cell research?. Understand more about development, aging, disease Experimental model systems Prevent or treat diseases and injuries Cell-based therapies Pharmaceutical development

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Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine

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  1. Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine

  2. “Glow-in-the-dark” dogs!

  3. What is stem cell research? • Understand more about development, aging, disease • Experimental model systems • Prevent or treat diseases and injuries • Cell-based therapies • Pharmaceutical development • Includes testing and drug delivery

  4. Trachea transplantation:Example of adult stem cell-based tissue regeneration

  5. Outline of Presentation • Introduction to fertilization and embryonic development • What makes stem cells unique? • What do stem cells look like? • What are the different types of stem cells? • What are examples of stem cell research, therapies, and technologies? How did they make those dogs? • Conclusion and future directions

  6. Conception in a dish Day 1 In the IVF procedure, sperm and eggs “interact” in a dish leading to insemination. They literally swim up to the egg and burrow toward the nucleus. The first one to get there wins, and all others are blocked out. Male fertility issue: Sometimes sperm cannot latch onto and penetrate the egg. They may choose to have Intra(within)-Cytoplasmic Sperm Injection (ICSI)

  7. Intra-Cytoplasmic Sperm Injection

  8. Intra-Cytoplasmic Sperm Injection

  9. Embryonic Stem Cells

  10. At what point is this a fetus? • Days 7-14: Uterine implantation • Day 14: Three distinct layers begin to form (no more pluripotent stem cells) • Days 14-21: Beginning of future nervous system • Days 21-24: Beginning of future face, neck, mouth, and nose • Weeks 3-8: Beginning of organ formation This picture is Week 5 • Week 5-8+: Now it’s called a fetus (no consensus on a single timepoint)

  11. Embryonic Development:Zebrafish model Keller et al. 2008

  12. Outline of Presentation • Introduction to fertilization and embryonic development • What makes stem cells unique? • What do stem cells look like? • What are the different types of stem cells? • What are examples of stem cell research, therapies, and technologies? • Conclusion and future directions

  13. Symmetric cell division

  14. Asymmetric cell division • Self-renews • Differentiates Progenitor cell Stem cell Stem cell

  15. DIFFERENTIATION DIFFERENTIATION  SELF – RENEWAL 

  16. Outline of Presentation • Introduction to fertilization and embryonic development • What makes stem cells unique? • What do stem cells look like? • What are the different types of stem cells? • What are examples of stem cell research, therapies, and technologies? • Conclusion and future directions

  17. Embryonic stem cells in the dish:What do cultured ES cells look like?

  18. Fluorescent imaging of embryonicstem cell colonies.

  19. Outline of Presentation • Introduction to fertilization and embryonic development • What makes stem cells unique? • What do stem cells look like? • What are the different types of stem cells? • What are examples of stem cell research, therapies, and technologies? • Conclusion and future directions

  20. Totipotent This cell Can form the Embryo and placenta Pluripotent This cell Can just form the embryo Multi- potent Fully mature

  21. Stem cells in the adult brain:Are they still working for us now?

  22. Stem cells in mature skeletal muscle:Is there power still in our stem cells?

  23. Matrix Molecules Self-Renewal Soluble Factors Other Cells Differentiation Signals to Stem Cells Little, et al. Chemical Reviews (2008).

  24. Genetic engineering How do cells know what to become? Tissue therapy All cells in a person share the same genotype Yet eye cells differ from nose cells Central dogma of biology

  25. Induced Pluripotent Stem (iPS) CellsGenetically engineering new stem cells Skin cells iPS cells

  26. Recreating Pluripotency Image courtesy of Clontech

  27. Induced Pluripotent Stem (iPS) CellsGenetically engineering new stem cells Skin cells iPS cells

  28. Pros and Cons to iPS cell technology • Pros: • Cells would be genetically identical to patient or donor of skin cells (no immune rejection!) • Do not need to use an embryo • Cons: • Cells would still have genetic defects • One of the pluripotency genes is a cancer gene • Viruses might insert genes in places we don’t want them (causing mutations)

  29. Factors known to affect stem cells • Low stress levels • Regular exercise • Enriching experiences • Learning new information • Healthy diets: rich in antioxidants • Avoid excessive drinking Helping you help yourself

  30. Outline of Presentation • Introduction to fertilization and embryonic development • What makes stem cells unique? • What do stem cells look like? • What are the different types of stem cells? • What are examples of stem cell research, therapies, and technologies? • Conclusion and future directions

  31. Experimental model systemHeart muscle cells beating in a petri dish! Videos by the Exploratorium

  32. Bone marrow transplant:Example of adult stem cell-based therapy

  33. Spinal cord injury:Example of embryonic stem cell-based therapy Geron video: http://www.geron.com/grnopc1clearance/

  34. Stem cells for drug deliveryMore focused delivery, fewer side affects Day 0 Day 7 Day 14 NSCs injected (no tumor) NSCs injected (tumor) Shah et al. Dev Neurosci 2004

  35. What are stem cell technologies? • Cloning technologies • Is human cloning a technology? • What is different about cloning embryonic stem cells? • Induced Pluripotent Stem cells • New ways to potentially avoid the use of embryos • Disease-specific stem cell lines created • The promise and potential pitfalls of this approach When does research actually become technology?

  36. Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer (SCNT) Cloning of embryonic stem cells Udder cell Egg cell

  37. Types of Cloning

  38. Outline of Presentation • Introduction to fertilization and embryonic development • What makes stem cells unique? • What do stem cells look like? • What are the different types of stem cells? • What are examples of stem cell research, therapies, and technologies? • Conclusion and future directions

  39. Why do researchers want to use embryonic stem cells along with other technologies? • Pluripotent • Expanded developmental potential allows them to be used in ways that adult stem cells cannot • Can proliferate indefinitely in culture • Easier to obtain than adult stem cells

  40. Science is discovering the unknown • Stem cell field is still in its infancy • Human embryonic stem cell research is a decade old, adult stem cell research has 30-year head start • Holds hope for curing orimprovingtreatments for 70+ diseases How can you help to shape the direction of this field?

  41. Take our survey please! Students:  https://www.surveymonkey.com/s/stemcell2010 Teacher: https://www.surveymonkey.com/s/stemcellteach2010

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