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Demand and Struggles in the British Colony

Demand and Struggles in the British Colony. 2 nd Textbook – p.8 -p. 43. Constitutional Act of 1791. Requested by petition from Canadiens and British colonists Divided Prov. of Quebec into: Lower Canada and Upper Canada

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Demand and Struggles in the British Colony

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  1. Demand and Struggles in the British Colony 2nd Textbook – p.8 -p. 43

  2. Constitutional Act of 1791 • Requested by petition from Canadiens and British colonists • Divided Prov. of Quebec into: Lower Canada and Upper Canada • Implemented new parliamentary system – elected Canadiens and British colonists to be representatives in Legislative Assembly • Ultimate legislative power held by appointed Legislative Council & Governor

  3. Loyalist and Constitution of 1791 • How far are you willing to fight for democracy? • The Canadiens sent a petition to Britain asking for the creation of a legislative assembly made up of both British colonist and Canadiens. • In 1791, Britain agreed and passed the Constitutional Act.

  4. Mercantilism An economic system in which a country attempts to amass wealth through trade with other countries, exporting more than it imports and increasing storage of gold and precious metals

  5. Mercantilist Policies: • High tariffs; • Monopolizing markets; • Exclusive trade with colonies; • Forbidding trade to be carried in foreign ships; • Export subsidies; • Banning all export of gold and silver; • Limiting wages; • Exploiting colony resources.

  6. Liberalism • Liberalism • is the belief in the importance of liberty and equal rights. • Generally support the following: • Constitutionalism (fundamental laws), • liberal democracy, • free and fair elections, • human rights, • capitalism, • and freedom of religion. • Why would this become the new theory/ideal?

  7. Liberalism • Liberalism (social/political/economic): • Democracy; • free and fair elections; • Capitalism; • Freedom of religion; • Freedom of expression; • Equality; • Right to vote (for some).

  8. Upper vs. Lower Canada

  9. Homework/Classwork • Questions (approximately 10 minutes). • Page 10, # 1, 2 Page 12, #1-3 • Page 14 #1-4 • Page 10 – Answer the two questions under Source #7, include an embedded quote for each ------ TO BE MARKED • Page 13 – List three facts and three inferences about what is happening in source #10 -------- TO BE MARKED

  10. What does it mean to be apart of a nation?

  11. Strange Canadian laws • http://www.readersdigest.ca/travel/canada/13-strange-canadian-laws-you-never-knew-existed

  12. Ex. It Was Illegal for Non-dark Soft Drinks To Contain Caffeine Sprite, Mountain Dew and other non-dark soft drinks couldn’t contain caffeine, but that all changed in March 2010 with the advent of “energy drinks” like Redbull. Now you can have caffeine in soft drinks like orange and grape soda, however there is a limit, and it’s still lower than colas.

  13. Who makes these laws? Why is this important? • Legislative Assemblies : persons who create or amend or repeal laws. • Amend = change / alter • Repeal = take away / take back

  14. Legislative Assembly • How does it works? • Currently in Ontario: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yzflLqk0ksM

  15. Parliament: Battle and the Press • Battles: • Choosing the speaker of the house (voted in by Leg. Assembly so the French won). Speaker's duty is to interpret rules impartially, to maintain order, and to defend the rights and privileges of Members, including the right to freedom of speech. • Language: Canadiens wanted bilingualismin Lower Canada’s Legislature – the law passed but London overruled it and so laws were only to be translated.

  16. Parliament: Battle and the Press • In 1805, disagreement about financing prisons – this led to the creation of two parties – Parti canadien, and the British Party. • Newspapers became very important during this time period – members of the assembly used them to spread their ideas and political demands. • The Quebec Mercury – British • Le Canadien - French

  17. Lower Canada: Economy and Society • The Fur Trade: • Fierce competition sent companies further for pelts – increased transportation costs. • Hudson Bay bought North West Company, Montreal was no longer part of the route the pelts took to Europe. • Importance of agriculture remained, especially wheat. Crop failures = crisis in 1830 = social tensions

  18. Fur to Timber • Bye bye fur trade, hello timber trade. • Blockade by France caused an increased interest in raw materials in Lower Canada. • Timber was needed for warships – by 1820 it had replaced the fur trade as Lower Canada’s main industry. • Also, a diminished interest in fur made the transition easier.

  19. Classwork • Take notes on p. 14, answer the question under source #11 • Read page 16, question 1-3 • p. 17- answer the questions under source #16

  20. Society of Lower Canada • British business class: • Expanded new economic sectors; • Dominated economic sector; • Acquired wealth and influence; • Some moved into politics. • Canadien liberal bourgeoisie: • Professionals – incl. doctors, notaries, lawyers; • Little to do with business; • Took office to protect the rights of Canadiens; • e.g. John Molson

  21. Society of Lower Canada • Fleeing famines and difficult living conditions, people fled the British Isles. • Most settled in cities. • Canadiens still outnumbered British – 340,000 to 80,000 in Lower Canada. This number grew, Canadiens felt threatened.

  22. Canadien Nationhood • Accountability: • The growth of liberalism created a demand for more power in the govt. • In 1807 there was a demand for responsible govt. (definition p. 20) • In 1830s there was a demand for an elected Legislative Council (approved bills submitted by Legislative Assembly). • Britain balked at both – since it would reduce their power over the colony.

  23. Toward Rebellion: Les Canals • The Canadiens agreed with the construction of canals, but only in Lower Canada, not Upper Canada. • They also felt that more resources should be given toward agriculture (an area they dominated) – the British did not agree.

  24. Toward Rebellion: Duties • A good source of government revenue – custom duties = a tax collected at ports. • Good for LowerC. not for Upper C. (they had no ports). • Agreement reached that 1/5th of custom duties go to Upper C., but deal not renewed in 1819 = frustrating those in Upper C. – it was a major revenue source.

  25. Classwork • Page 19: # 2, 3 • Page 22: #1-3 • As a member of Parliament, how would you suggest to help remedy the problems now arising between Upper and Lower Canada?

  26. Parti Patriote • Tensions continues to grow between the Canadiens and the British, especially when it came to economic development. • 1826 - The Parti Canadien became the PartiPatriote, demanded more democracy from political institutions. • The party divided into a moderate and radical wing.

  27. Parti Patriote

  28. Canadien Discontent • Poor harvest in 1830 put further strain on relations. • They were also displeased with • British not granting seigneuries. • British use of violence to deal with demonstrations. • In 1834, the Patriotes drew up a list of political grievances, called the 92 Resolutions, and sent it to the government in London.

  29. 92 Resolutions • Liberal demands for more democracy, more efficient legal system, complained of collusion between Brit. landowners and the gov’t. • This became a key election issue. • The Party Patriote won. (collusion = back-door deals) • http://www.canadiana.org/view/9_03428/0299

  30. The Russell Resolutions – Response to 92 Resolutions • Governor Gosford read and made recommendations for the British government. • 92 Resolutions rejected, 10 resolutions put forward in response – one of which was to take $ from the Leg. Assembly • Violent action was decided by some Canadiens members.

  31. Classwork • Page 26-27. • Documents 28 & 29, study them and answer the questions associated with each(red dot q’s)

  32. The Rebellions! The Patriotes 1838 – The taking up of arms

  33. Lower Rebellion Review • Causes By late 1837, a number of factors pushed Lower Canada into armed insurrection: • Crop failures in parts of Lower Canada in 1837, which left many farmers near starvation. • An increase in Brit. immigration • Unfair representation in government- the Reformers wanted more ministerial accountability (more responsible government) = Liberalism instituted

  34. The Final Straw • March 1837: Russell Resolutions rejected all major demands of the Patriotes as it would decrease the control of the Executive and Legislative Councils (controlled by a small number of rich British families). • November 16, 1837, gov’t attempted to arrest leaders PartiPatriote

  35. Armed Rebellion in Lower C. • May 1837: PartiPatriote Meeting – denounce the Russell Resolutions, call for boycott of British items/goods • July: Governor Gosford bans meetings • August: Patriote refuses to vote for the passing of the budget – Gov. Gosford dissolves the Legislative Assembly • Sept – Oct: Societies created for armed rebellion, 26 Patriotes ordered to be arrested • Nov: Armed rebellion- Pariotes win this one but lose all the rest

  36. Patriote vs Brisith Soldier

  37. Fighting Continued • 1838 – Second rebellion, published the Declaration of Independence of Lower Canada (p.31 in textbook) • - Rebellion was crushed, hundreds were arrested, many sentenced to death, 20 hanged, 58 deported to Australia (prison colony at the time)

  38. The Hanging of the Patriotes in Montreal

  39. Chateau Clique

  40. Chateau Clique • Small group of English merchants and upper class French Canadians (seigneurs) who had a lot of money and influence and who supported the British more than the Canadien (because their main interest was business)

  41. The Durham Report • In order to avoid another rebellion, the British went about understanding the causes. • Durham Report: unify the two Canadas, establishing responsible government.

  42. The Durham Report: Reactions • Canadiens: • Uniformly opposed to the Durham Report. • Felt they were being assimilated – would lose culture, religion and language. • The Anglophones in Lower Canada were in favour as it would give them more of a voice in an area dominated by the Canadiens. • British colonists: • Divided: Merchants and businessmen wanted status quo (stay same)– helped business. • Reformers liked the proposition of responsible government.

  43. Union of the Canadas

  44. Union of the Canadas • Durham Report: • Proposed a legislative union (combining territories under one government). • Lower=Canada East, Upper=Canada West. • Act of the Union – 1841 – brought many changes to territory and politics.

  45. Union of the Canadas • Canada West/East were given equal representation, though the Canadiens outnumbered the British – meant as a way for British to control the Leg. Assembly. • Responsible government was rejected – governor and Legislative Council still had power to block bills. • London still essentially had ultimate control.

  46. Union of the Canadas • Debts were also amalgamated (joined)– Canadiens absorbed much English debts. • English was the official language. • Political Organization: Compare document 52 (p39) & document 6 (p9).

  47. Union of the Canadas • Political Alliances: • Reformers and French Canadians formed an alliance. Why? • Baldwin-Lafontaine Alliance: Majority Govt.

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