1 / 34

TYPES OF VARIATION ACROSS ENGLISHES

TYPES OF VARIATION ACROSS ENGLISHES. Jenkins (2003, pp. 22-28). New Englishes & new Englishes. new Englishes US, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, and South Africa New Englishes India, the Philippines, Nigeria, Singapore, etc. ‘new’ Englishes.

sibley
Download Presentation

TYPES OF VARIATION ACROSS ENGLISHES

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript

  1. TYPES OF VARIATION ACROSS ENGLISHES Jenkins (2003, pp. 22-28) Characteristics of New Englishes

  2. New Englishes & new Englishes • new Englishes • US, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, and South Africa • New Englishes • India, the Philippines, Nigeria, Singapore, etc. Characteristics of New Englishes

  3. ‘new’ Englishes • Spoken in US, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, and South Africa • Developed independently of and differently from British English, due to 1) mixture of dialects and accents of the early settlers; and 2) influence of the languages of the indigenous locals • Direct decadence from British English + spoken as mother tongues →strong element of continuity in use Characteristics of New Englishes

  4. New Englishes • Spoken in the former colonies of Britain (India, Nigeria, Singapore, etc.) and the US (the Philippines) • Learnt as second languages or one language within a wider multilingual repertoire of acquisition Characteristics of New Englishes

  5. Four Criteria of New Englishes Platt et al. (1984, pp. 2-3) • Developed through educational system • Native variety of English as being NOT the language spoken by majority • Used for a range of functions among the population • Became ‘localised’ or ‘nativised’ Characteristics of New Englishes

  6. Levels of Variation • Pronunciation • Grammar • Vocabulary/Idiom • Discourse style Characteristics of New Englishes

  7. PronunciationConsonant sounds 1 Characteristics of New Englishes

  8. PronunciationConsonant sounds 1: Examples Characteristics of New Englishes

  9. PronunciationConsonant sounds 2 Characteristics of New Englishes

  10. PronunciationConsonant sounds 2: Examples Characteristics of New Englishes

  11. PronunciationConsonant sounds 3 Characteristics of New Englishes

  12. PronunciationConsonant sounds 3: Examples Characteristics of New Englishes

  13. PronunciationVowel sounds 1 Characteristics of New Englishes

  14. PronunciationVowel sounds 1: Examples Characteristics of New Englishes

  15. PronunciationVowel sounds 2 Characteristics of New Englishes

  16. PronunciationVowel sounds 2: Examples Characteristics of New Englishes

  17. Grammar: NounsPlatt et al (1984, Ch. 4) • Lack of plural marking • Specific/non-specific system rather than definite/indefinite system • Change of quantifier forms • No gender distinction between 3-person pronouns • Change of word order within noun phrase Characteristics of New Englishes

  18. Grammar Nouns 1: Examples • Lack of plural marking • Up to twelve year of schooling • years • And they know all four dialect • dialects • Pilipino is only one of the subject • subjects Characteristics of New Englishes

  19. Grammar Nouns 2: Examples • Specific/non-specific system rather than definite/indefinite system • Everyone has car • Everyone has a car • I’m not on scholarship • I’m not on the scholarship • I’m staying in one house with three other • I’m staying in a house with three other • There! Here got one stall selling soup noodles • There! Here got a stall selling soup noodles Characteristics of New Englishes

  20. Grammar Nouns 3: Examples • Change of quantifier forms - Don’t eat so much sweets - Don’t eat so many sweets • Some few fishermen may be seen • Some fishermen/ a few fishermen • I applied couple of places in Australia • I applied a couple of places in Australia Characteristics of New Englishes

  21. Grammar Nouns 4: Examples • No gender distinction between 3-person pronouns • When I first met my husband she was a student. • When I first met my husband he was a student • My mother, he live in kampong. • My mother, she lives in kampong. Characteristics of New Englishes

  22. Grammar Nouns 5: Examples • Change of word order within noun phrase • A two-hour exciting display • An exciting two-hour display • Dis two last years • These last two years • Ninety over cheques • Over ninety cheques Characteristics of New Englishes

  23. Grammar: VerbsPlatt et al (1984, Ch. 5) • Limited marking of the 3-person singular present tense form • Limited marking of verbs for the past tense • Use of an aspect system rather than a tense system • Extension of the use of be + verb + ing to stative verbs • Different phrasal and prepositional verb constructions Characteristics of New Englishes

  24. Grammar Verbs 1: Examples • Limited marking of the 3-person singular present tense form • She drink milk • She drinks milk • Every microcosm consist of many cells • Every microcosm consists of many cells Characteristics of New Englishes

  25. Grammar Verbs 2: Examples 2. Limited marking of verbs for the past tense • Mandarin, I learn it privately • My wife she pass her Cambridge Characteristics of New Englishes

  26. Grammar Verbs 3: Examples 3. Use of an aspect system rather than a tense system • I still eat • I have worked there in 1960. Characteristics of New Englishes

  27. Grammar Verbs 4: Examples 4. Extension of the use of be + verb + ing to stative verbs • She is knowing her science very well. • Mohan is having two houses. Characteristics of New Englishes

  28. Grammar Verbs 5: Examples • Different phrasal and prepositional verb constructions • Her name cropped in the conversation. • Her name cropped up in the conversation. • I’m going to voice out my opinion. • I’m going to voice my opinion. Characteristics of New Englishes

  29. Vocabulary • New coinages • By adding a prefix or suffix to an existing word • By compounding • Borrowings • From indigenous languages • Idioms Characteristics of New Englishes

  30. Vocabulary: New Coinages • By adding a prefix or suffix to an existing word • Spacy, heaty, teacheress, jeepney, etc. • By compounding • Peelhead, bushmeat, dry coffee, etc. Characteristics of New Englishes

  31. Vocabulary: Borrowings • East Africa • ‘chai’ (tea), ‘duka’ (shop) • India • ‘crore’ (ten million), ‘swadeshi’* (indigenous native) • Philippines • ‘boondock’ (mountain), ‘kundiman’ (love song) *swadeshi=self-sufficiency Characteristics of New Englishes

  32. Vocabulary: Idioms • Unsuccessful attempts by locals to use the native-speaker English idioms (→often dismissed as errors) • Direct translations from indigenous idioms • ‘to shake legs’ < Malay ‘goyang kaki’ (to be idle) • Combination of native-speaker English and indigenous forms • ‘to put sand in someone’s gari’ <to threaten someone’s livelihood (Nigerian) • Variations on native-speaker idioms • ‘to eat your cake and have it’ < BE ‘to have your cake and eat it’ Characteristics of New Englishes

  33. Discourse Style: General Features • More formal • Use of complex grammatical structure, lengthy constructions, bookish vocabulary and exaggerated forms • Indigenous cultural influence • Deferential (Indian) Characteristics of New Englishes

  34. Discourse Style: Greeting and Leavetaking • Often direct translations from the indigenous language • Sri Lanka: • “So how?” • “I’ll go and come.” • Singapore/Malay: • “Have you eaten already?”（你３吃１飯４了嗎：ニーチーファンラマ） • “Walk slowly ho!”（慢４走３：マンツオ） Characteristics of New Englishes

More Related