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Punishment. Justin Daigle, MA , BCBA, LBA Program Director. Punishment. Any consequence to a behavior that decreases the future frequency of a behavior. Positive vs. Negative. Positive – something added to the environment Negative – something taken away from the environment. Examples.
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Punishment Justin Daigle, MA, BCBA, LBA Program Director
Punishment • Any consequence to a behavior that decreases the future frequency of a behavior
Positive vs. Negative • Positive – something added to the environment • Negative – something taken away from the environment
Examples • Positive – slip, loud sound, electric shock, etc. • Negative – taking away video games, taking away food, etc.
“Blanket Effect” • When using punishment, there are a number of stimuli present • All of those stimuli can become associated with the effects of punishment
Pairing • Pairing can and will occur between the person providing the punishment and the punisher. Prepare for that in a clinical setting.
Unconditioned • Occur naturally • Pain • Certain odors and tastes • Physical restraint • Loss of bodily support • Extreme muscular effort
Conditioned • Do not occur naturally • Scolding • Removal of a token • Disapproving look • “Grounding”
Factors that Influence • Same as reinforcement • Immediacy • Intensity/Magnitude • Schedule of Punishment • SR+ of Alternative Rs
Side Effects • Emotional Reaction • Aggression • Escape/Avoidance • Behavioral Contrast • Undesirable Modeling • SR+ of the instructor
SP+ Interventions • Reprimands • Response Blocking • Contingent Exercise • Overcorrection (more later) • Contingent Electric Stimulation
Overcorrection • Overcorrection • Restitutional Overcorrection • Overcorrection with Positive Practice
Ethics • Is the use of punishment ethical? • Is the use of punishment useful? • When should we use punishment?
Ethics • Select Effective and Appropriate Punishers • You want a fast, strong punisher to “nip it in the bud” • Using ineffective punishers will require more time spent in a punishment procedure.
Ethics • Use varied punishers • Deliver Immediately • Punish each instance of the behavior
Ethics • A punishment procedure should always include training on appropriate behavior
Ethics • You should only use punishment when all other options have been exhausted and you have informed consent
Ethics • Be prepared for negative side effects • Record accurate data • Least restrictive alternative • Right to Effective Treatment
Ideology • “Punishment is a natural and necessary role in learning and should be recognized as such.”
Removal of a Stimulus • Two types of punishment procedures that use the removal of a stimulus: • Time-Out • Response Cost
Time Out • “Not ya momma’s time out” • Time out from the availability of SR+ • “Because you hit me, you cannot play with any toys for 5 seconds.”
Time Out • Must receive a time out during every instance of the behavior • Time out should be short (10-30seconds)
Why Time Out? • Easy • Effective • Socially Acceptable
Response Cost Examples • Fines • Bonus Response Cost • We all have a party for 15 minutes • You lose 5 minutes every time you hit me
Response Cost Examples • Ensure you have good “back-up reinforcers” when the proper behaviors occur.
Response Cost Limitations • Increases aggression • Pairing • “Blanket Effect” • Call attention to behavior • Unpredictability
Questions? • Thanks for your time!