The Americas

1. The Americas • The first people in the Americas supported themselves as hunters and gatherers • -came over to North American on a land-bridge called theBeringia in order to find wild game, which was their food source…such as Mammoth • -gradually learned about agriculture and planting • -maize: also known as corn became known as the most important crop for survival; • Others planted included squash, beans, avocado, and beans

2. The Americas • Agriculture led to: • Population growth and settlements • 2. Differences in social classes arose • 3. Allowed societies to become more complex and develop into civilizations • ….and is why complex civilizations developed • In South America: • - 1st people survived on seafood from the Pacific Ocean and small game • -the first Advanced cities developed in the West

3. Early Mesoamerican Civilizations The Olmec Olmec Beginnings • Civilization begins in Mesoamerica around 1200 B.C. • Mesoamerica— central Mexico to northern Honduras ; first complex societies arose • Olmecs are the “mother culture” of Mesoamerica • Olmecs—people who create earliest advanced civilization in southern Mexico The Rise of Olmec Civilization • First sign of Olmec culture: massive sculpture of heads found in 1860 • Olmec live along the Gulf Coast of Mexico until 400 B.C. NEXT

4. The Olmec Gulf Coast Geography • Area hot and humid, with swamps, jungles, thick vegetation • Heavy rainfalls lead to flooding • Area has resources: salt, tar, clay for pottery, wood, rubber, stone • Rivers provide transportation, fertile land for farming • San Lorenzo, oldest Olmec site, dates to 1150 B.C. Continued . . . NEXT

5. The Olmec Olmec Society • San Lorenzo has earthen mounds, pyramids, sculptures • Great Pyramid of La Venta has 100-foot-high mound of clay and earth, possibly a tomb & religious center • Olmec probably worship nature gods, including jaguar spirit • Trade and Commerce • • Olmec trade spans north and south • Boosts the Olmec economy & • • Trade spreads Olmec influence Decline of the Olmec • Reasons for Olmec collapse—by 400 B.C.—not known NEXT

6. Zapotec Civilization Arises Peoples of the Oaxaca Valley • The Oaxaca Valley of southern Mexico is hub for many civilizations • Zapotecs—people who build a new civilization in Oaxaca Valley • Unique Zapotec culture shows some Olmec influence • For centuries Zapotec live in many scattered settlements • By 1000 B.C., Zapotec build San José Mogote • By 500 B.C., Zapotec develop writing and calendar NEXT

7. Zapotec Civilization Arises • The Zapotec Flourish at Monte Albán • • Around 500 B.C. Zapotecs build Monte Albán—first city in America • • Population of Monte Albán about 25,000 people • • City has impressive stone buildings, plaza,observatory • • Stone sculptures there show Olmec influence • Known for building temples and creating an early form of hieroglyphics • • Zapotec decline shortly after A.D. 600 for unknown reasons NEXT

8. The Early Mesoamericans’ Legacy The Olmec Leave Their Mark • Olmec art and construction affect future cultures like the Maya • Olmec develop ceremonial centers, ritual ball games, and ruling class • Later cultures in Mesoamerica adopt Olmec ways Zapotec Contributions • Zapotec legacy: writing and calendar systems, first city builders • Monte Albán inspires other cities in America NEXT

9. Early Civilizations of the Andes Societies Arise in the Andes Settlements on the Coastal Plain • Andes Mountains climate, environment make travel, farming difficult • Harsh deserts lie along Pacific coast • Coastal areas with rivers have good soil; are settled 3600–2500 B.C. • Around 3000 B.C. agriculture starts; by 1800 B.C., communities arise Continued . . . NEXT

10. Societies Arise in the Andes The Chavín Period • Chavín—first influential culture in South America, religion is most important • Arises in mountains; flourishes from 900 B.C. to 200 B.C. • Named for major ruin, Chavín de Huántar • City has pyramids, plazas, and massive earth mounds • Chavín culture spreads over north and central Peru • “Mother culture” in Peru—influences later cultures - specific influence can be seen not only in religion but in art as well - developed patterns that became the basis of later civilizations NEXT

11. Other Andean Civilizations Flourish Nazca Achievements • Nazca—culture on southern coast of Peru • Flourishes from 200 B.C. to A.D. 600 • They build irrigation systems; create puzzling designs on land known as the Nazca Lines in the plains of Peru • Nazca also make beautiful pottery and textiles NEXT

12. Other Andean Civilizations Flourish Moche Culture • Moche—culture that thrives on northern coast of Peru • Flourishes from A.D. 100 to 700 • Moche build large irrigation systems to water wide range of crops…like the Nazca • Images on Moche tombs and pottery reveal how they lived • Neither Moche religion nor fall of culture are understood NEXT

13. Maya Kings and Cities Maya Create City-States The Land of the Maya •Maya live in southern Mexico and northern Central America • Land, vegetation of this region varies • Maya culture influenced by Olmec civilization Continued . . . NEXT

14. Urban Centers • In Classic Period (250 to 900), Maya build spectacular cities Cities, like Tikal, have pyramids, temples, palaces, stone carvings • Each has a court where ritual ball game is played

15. Maya Create City-States Agriculture and Trade Support Cities Cities linked by alliances & trade • Farming maize, beans, squash is foundation of Maya life • Maya use different farming techniques NEXT

16. Kingdoms Built on Dynasties • Farming success leads to rise of social classes • • King is leader • Noble class includes: priests & warriors • • Middle class: merchants & artisans • Bottom: peasants

17. Religion Shapes Maya Life The Importance of Religion • Maya believe in many gods, who could be good, evil, or both • Each day is a god whose behavior could be predicted with calendars Continued . . . NEXT

18. Religious Practices • Many ways of worshiping: prayer, offerings, giving blood • Maya also make human sacrifices to please gods and balance world

19. Religion Shapes Maya Life • Math and Religion • • Religion leads to advances in calendar, math, astronomy & they support one another • Develop their calendar on careful observation of the planets, sun, & moon • • Maya use two calendars: one religious (260 days), one solar (365 days) • • Use calendars to find best days • for life activities NEXT

20. Written Language Preserves History • Writing system has 800 hieroglyphics aka. glyphs— symbols • Use writing to record history in a codex— bark-paper book • Popul Vuh— famous codex that contains Maya story of creation

21. Mysterious Maya Decline The End of the Maya • In late 800s, Maya abandon cities; cause for abandonment unknown • Signs of social problems: - In 700s, fighting among many Maya city-states - Population growth, over-farming might have hurt environment - By 1500s when the Spanish arrive, the Maya dynasty had already declined & the remaining people lived in small, weak city-states NEXT

22. The Aztecs Control Central Mexico The Valley of Mexico Geography • Mountain basin 7,500 feet above sea level, large lakes, fertile soil • Teotihuacán and Toltec settle in valley, develop civilizations Continued . . . NEXT

23. An Early City-State • Teotihuacán city-state rises in first century A.D. • At peak, in 500s, city has up to 200,000 people • Serves as center of trade, especially of obsidian— volcanic glass • City quickly declines; by 750 is abandoned

24. The Valley of Mexico • Toltecs Take Over Mexico • • About 900, Toltecs rise to power; rule for about 300 years • Build pyramids and temples • • A warlike people, they rule by conquest • • They worship fierce war god and offer human sacrifices • • Toltec ruler Topiltzin tries to change religion, end human sacrifice • • Encourages worship of a new god Quetzalcoatl—“Feathered Serpent” • -upon his return would start a golden age; Aztecs also worship • • He is exiled to Yucatán Peninsula; by early 1200s, Toltec rule ends

25. The Aztec Empire Arrival of the Aztecs • Aztecs (or Mexica) arrive around 1200, begin working as soldiers • By own legend, a god leads them to found the island city of Tenochtitlán

26. Aztecs Grow Stronger • Triple Alliance—1428 agreement of Aztec and the two other city-states of Texcoco & Tlacopan • By early 1500s, Aztecs have large empire and rule 5–15 million people • Power comes from tribute resulting from conquests

27. The Aztec Empire Nobles Rule Aztec Society • Noble class—military leaders, officials, priests—rules Aztec society • Nobles own vast estates, live life of wealth and luxury • Commoners: merchants, artisans, soldiers, farmers • Lowest class: enslaved people • Emperor’s power is absolute, lives in palace, is revered NEXT

28. Tenochtitlán: A Planned City Extraordinary Urban Center • Causeways connect island city to mainland areas • Canals enable people to carry goods to city and its huge main market • Chinampas, floating islands, used to grow crops • Central area has palaces, temples, government buildings

29. Religion Rules Aztec Life Many Gods • Religion includes 1,000 gods, many adopted from other peoples Religious Practices • Center of religion is public ceremonies to win gods’ favor • Many religious festivals throughout year Sacrifices for the Sun God • Most important rituals are for sun god, Huitzilopochtli • He needs human sacrifices to be strong • Aztecs engage in war to provide captives for these sacrifices NEXT

30. Problems in the Aztec Empire A New Ruler • In 1502, Montezuma II becomes emperor; he calls for more tribute • These sacrifices lead to revolt in outlying areas • Emperor tries to make life easier, but Aztecs worry about future • Soon after, Spanish arrive NEXT

31. The Inca Create a Mountain Empire The Inca Build an Empire Incan Beginnings • Inca live first in high plateau of Andes Mountains • By 1200s, they have a kingdom in Valley of Cuzco • Inca believe that their ruler is descended from sun god, Inti Pachacuti Builds an Empire • Pachacuti, a powerful and ambitious emperor, takes control in 1438 • Under Pachacuti, Inca conquer lands holding 16 million people • Inca use diplomacy and military force to achieve conquests NEXT

32. Incan Government Creates Unity Organized Rule • Inca divide conquered lands into smaller units to govern easily • Make Quechua official language of entire empire Incan Cities Show Government Presence • Inca build cities with same architecture for government buildings • Capital is Cuzco, which has temples, plazas, palaces • Inca are very skilled builders Continued . . . NEXT

33. Incan Government Creates Unity Incan Government • Inca government controls economy and society • Use ayllu—extended family group—to control how people live, work • Divides society into groups of 10; 100; 1,000; 10,000 • Chain of command stretches from central government to smallest unit • Demands mita—requirement that people work for state; it was a labor tribute • Cares for the aged and disabled NEXT

34. Incan Government Creates Unity Public Works Projects • Government creates public works, including 14,000-mile road network • Runners carry messages along the roads to different places NEXT

35. Government Record-Keeping • Inca do not develop system of writing • Use quipu—set of knotted strings—as accounting device • Might also have had elaborate two-calendar system

36. Religion Supports the State Inca Gods • Inca have fewer gods than Aztecs • Creator god and sun god are most important Religious Practices • Priests draft young women to assist in ceremonies • Some young men also become specialized religious workers NEXT

37. Discord in the Empire Problems Arise • In early 1500s, Inca Empire reaches its height under Huayna Capac • Capac dies, perhaps of smallpox, while touring newly conquered Ecuador • In 1520s, his sons Atahualpa and Huascar split empire • Atahualpa wants control of whole empire and begins civil war • This war weakens Inca state just before Spanish arrive. NEXT

39. Africa • Geography • - diverse; coastal plains to snow-capped mountains • - 2nd largest continent in the world • - approx. ½ of the continent is covered by deserts & savannas • - 1/5 of the earth’s land surface • - minimal harbors or inlets along the coast • - deserts aren’t very suitable for human life • - Most people live on the savannas- which are grassy plains with mountains and swamps • *Africa’s geographic features have led to its diverse cultures. • Sahara Desert- largest of Africa’s deserts • - the Sahel is the land on the coastline that the desert continues to take over

40. Africa • The Early Inhabitants • The earliest people were hunter-gatherers • They later learned how to domesticate and raise a variety of animals • They then developed agriculture which led to specialization and permanent villages • Grain grew well in the savannas • The rain forests of the south & east added cattle raising to their agricultural way of life

41. Africa • Social Life • The family was the basic social unit • Including parents, children and extended family • Called lineages • People coming from the same common ancestor…linking past and future generations • They were the chief means of social and political organization in stateless societies (no central gov’t; balance of power between lineages) • In stateless societies, conflicts were commonly settled through discussion and negotiation • Lineages were traced in two ways • Patrillineal- traced through the father; inheritance passes from father to son • Matrillineal- traced through the mother; inheritance passes from mother to son and men still hold positions of authority

42. Africa • Religious Life • Animism- a religion in which spirits are present in animals, plants, and other natural forces. They also take the form of the souls of ancestors • Spirits played an important role in regulating daily life • Led to connection between the family, the village, nature, and ancestors • History • In West Africa • Storytellers were called griots • only way record history….oral tradition from parent to child • Ensured knowledge was passed from generation to generation

43. Africa • Migration- is a permanent move from one country or region to another • It occurs for one of three reasons: environmental, economic, or political • Push-Pull Factor- factors that either push people out of an area or pull them into an area • Language Analysis • If two languages have similar words, it is likely the people who spoke them were in close contact

44. Africa • The Great Migration • Early Africans made some of the greatest migrations • Bantu-speaking people moved southward through Africa for several years (Bantu- “the people”) • from the Savanna to Nigeria • they were nomadic farms, ranchers, & iron-makers • Their unique form of agriculture caused them to migrate every few years in search of new land to supply food for their growing population

45. Africa • Results of the Bantu Migration • 60 million African people speak one of the Bantu languages • there is a diversity of cultures and widespread family of • Languages in Africa • A similarity between the Aryan migration and the Bantu is that • both moved in search of additional food sources as a result of • growing populations • Another interesting tie to other cultures: • The Iron Age of West Africa was unique in that it skipped • over both the Copper Age and the Bronze Age

46. The People Africa • The Aksumites of East Africa • Aksum- kingdom located on the south of Kush on the Red Sea; part of modern-day Eritrea & Ethiopia • This area is often called the Horn of Africa • Trading settlements were established here for interaction with people in the East; colonies of traders and farmers were established • Eastern Africans offered raw materials to Asia • Made it a trading hub for routes to Egypt & Meroe • It became an international trading power • People were attracted to the city or Adulis, which was the chief seaport & center of trade of Askum

47. The People Africa • The Aksumites of East Africa • Daily Life • A blend of African and Arabic people and many other cultures due to trade • Greek stood out as the official language • Like other ancient Africans, they believed in one god; but there were also animists • One of the ideas that was exchanged during trade with Christianity • Thus, Aksum is unique in that Christianity becomes the official religion of the areas under the rule of King Ezana • Inventions • One of the 2 African kingdoms to develop a written language • First kingdom south of the Sahara to mint it’s own coins • Created a new method of agriculture called Terraces- step-like ridges down mountain slops preventing rainfall erosion

48. The People Africa • Aksum Falls • After 800 years of reign, Aksum falls due to conflicts with invaders from Islamic traditions who conquered many territories & destroying Adulis • Additional Factors to the Fall: • Isolation from other Christian states • Loss of its international trading power • Depletion of its depletion of forests and erosion after moving the capital to a geographically isolated location • Lasting Legacies: • Eastern Orthodox Christianity • Stone Architecture • Terrace Farming

49. Islam in Africa • Islam plays a significant role in North Africa • Ultimately, Islam spreads throughout Africa from trade and conquest • One of the groups of people who converted were the Berbers • Islam reformer groups developed • 1. The Almoravid Empire: • 2. The Almohads Empire: overtake the Amoravid

50. The People Africa • West African Civilization • The Empire of Ghana • Ghana- in 700s, the kingdom in the Soninke region which its rulers were • growing rich by takin the goods the traders carried through their territory • The two important trade items were gold and salt • Ghana become an empire in 800 • Chief ruler acted as a religious leader, chief judge, and military commander • Ultimately, converts to Islam