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CELL STRUCTURES INVOLVED IN MANUFACTURING

CELL STRUCTURES INVOLVED IN MANUFACTURING . 4.6 Nucleus. The nucleus is the cell’s genetic control center The nucleus controls the cell’s activities and is responsible for inheritance Inside is a complex of proteins and DNA called chromatin , which makes up the cell’s chromosomes

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CELL STRUCTURES INVOLVED IN MANUFACTURING

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  1. CELL STRUCTURES INVOLVED IN MANUFACTURING

  2. 4.6 Nucleus • The nucleus is the cell’s genetic control center • The nucleus controls the cell’s activities and is responsible for inheritance • Inside is a complex of proteins and DNA called chromatin, which makes up the cell’s chromosomes • DNA is copied within the nucleus prior to cell division

  3. 4.6 Nucleus • The nucleolus is in charge of transcribing DNA into RNA for protein synthesis.

  4. 4.6 Nucleus • The nuclear envelope/ nuclear membrane is a double membrane with pores that allow material to flow in and out of the nucleus • It is attached to the ER

  5. TEM (left) and diagram (right) of the nucleus. Two membranes of nuclear envelope Nucleus Nucleolus Chromatin Pore Endoplasmic reticulum Ribosomes

  6. 4.7 Ribosomes • Ribosomes make proteins for use in the cell and export • Ribosomes are synthesized in the nucleolus, which is found in the nucleus • Cells that must synthesize large amounts of protein have a large number of ribosomes

  7. 4.7 Ribosomes • Some ribosomes are free ribosomes; others are bound • Free ribosomes are suspended in the cytoplasm • Bound ribosomes are attached to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) associated with the nuclear envelope

  8. Ribosomes Cytoplasm ER Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) Free ribosomes Bound ribosomes Large subunit Small subunit TEM showing ER and ribosomes Diagram of a ribosome

  9. 4.8 Endomembrane system • The membranes within a eukaryotic cell are physically connected and compose the endomembrane system • Includes the nuclear envelope, endoplasmic reticulum (ER), Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, vacuoles, and the plasma membrane. • The endomembrane system is involved in the synthesis, storage, and export of materials throughout the cell.

  10. 4.9 Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) • There are two kinds of ER—smooth and rough. • They are connected. • Smooth ER (lacks attached ribosomes) • Synthesis of lipids, oils, phospholipids, and steroids • Rough ER (has attached ribosomes) • Synthesis of proteins, transported in vesicles

  11. Nuclear envelope Ribosomes Smooth ER Rough ER

  12. CELL STRUCTURES INVOLVED IN BREAKDOWN

  13. 4.10 Golgi apparatus (aka Golgi Body) and Vesicles • The Golgi apparatus finishes, sorts, and ships cell products from the ER • Products travel in transport vesicles from the ER to the Golgi apparatus • One side of the Golgi apparatus functions as a receiving dock for the product and the other as a shipping dock

  14. Golgi apparatus “Receiving” side of Golgi apparatus Golgi apparatus Transport vesicle from ER New vesicle forming Transport vesicle from the Golgi “Shipping” side of Golgi apparatus

  15. Protein production  Protein delivery 1. Synthesized in Ribosome2. Folded in ribosome on rough ER3. Transport vesicle containing protein breaks off of rough ER4. Transport vesicle brings protein to Golgi.5. Golgi finishes the process, sorts the proteins, and ships the proteins in another transport vesicle.6. The vesicle travels to the cell membrane, in which the protein is released and can go on to do its functions.

  16. Synthesis and packaging of a secretory protein by the rough ER. Transport vesicle buds off 4 Ribosome Secretory protein inside trans- port vesicle 3 Sugar chain 1 Glycoprotein 2 Polypeptide Rough ER

  17. Fig. 6-16-1 Nucleus Rough ER Smooth ER Plasma membrane

  18. Fig. 6-16-2 Nucleus Rough ER Smooth ER cis Golgi Plasma membrane trans Golgi

  19. Fig. 6-16-3 Nucleus Rough ER Smooth ER cis Golgi Plasma membrane trans Golgi

  20. 4.11 Lysosomes • A lysosome is a sac containing digestive enzymes • Digests macromolecules: proteins, carbs, nucleic acids, lipids • Recycles cell parts by autophagy (means “self-eating”)

  21. Digestive enzymes Lysosome Plasma membrane

  22. Digestive enzymes Lysosome Plasma membrane Food vacuole

  23. Digestive enzymes Lysosome Plasma membrane Food vacuole

  24. Digestive enzymes Lysosome Plasma membrane Digestion Food vacuole

  25. Lysosome Vesicle containing damaged mitochondrion

  26. Lysosome Vesicle containing damaged mitochondrion

  27. Lysosome Digestion Vesicle containing damaged mitochondrion

  28. 4.12 Vacuoles • Vacuoles function in the general maintenance of the cell • Central vacuole in plants has hydrolytic functions (hydrolysis) • Pigment vacuoles in plants provide color to flowers • Contractile vacuoles in protists help to expel water from the cell

  29. Chloroplast Nucleus Central vacuole Central vacuole in a plant cell.

  30. Contractile vacuoles in Paramecium, a single-celled organism Nucleus Contractile vacuoles

  31. 4.13 A review of the structures involved in manufacturing and breakdown • The following figure summarizes the relationships among the major organelles of the endomembrane system

  32. Nucleus Nuclear membrane Rough ER Smooth ER Transport vesicle Transport vesicle Lysosome Vacuole Golgi apparatus Plasma membrane

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